William Shakespeare: Research Assignment

William Shakespeare Research AssignmentWilliam Shakespeare is just about arguably the best English poet and story writer the English books origination has ever kn birth. Some of his famous works that iodine may recognize includes Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet and many a(prenominal) others. But there were plenty of other things natural event in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Important events like the defeat of the Spanish Armada, treaty of peace amongst England and France, alliance between England and Netherlands, discovery and geographic expedition of the new world, and the rise/fall of plenty of English rulers. All of these events wedge Shakespeare in one way or the other which could make one want to study Shakespeares work and compare/contrast the real world events with his work.If one doesnt know of William Shakespeare then theyve been hiding under a stimulate for centuries. William was a son of a wealthy business possessor and active voice citizen of Stratford-upon-England. Shakespeare father then matrimonial Mary Arden in 1557 and had William on April 23, 1564. The obtuse plague was decimating England in the fifteenth century and William was lucky that he survived. He lost several siblings to the plague including his older sisters Joan and Margaret. During that time period William and his sidekick Gilbert escaped the grasp of the goally plagued and would both grow up to be get in successful hoi polloi.William started indoctrinate at the age of six at the Stratford grammar school. He was taught primarily in Latin but he as well as learned in English. Some believe that William was taken out of school at the age of thirteen due to financial problems but that wouldnt debar young William from learning. When he was about the age of eighteen he married a woman send ford Anne Hathaway, who was older and pregnant at the time. They had their first born(p) in 1583 and they named her Susanna. Two years later they had t wins by the name of Hamnet and Judith. Sadly one of the twins, Hamnet, died in 1596 due to unknown causes which affected William deeply.During this time, England was in a time of military dominance and golden age. They were about to go explore the new world and had unofficially involved in hostilities against Spain since the 1570s(Patrick, Pg 331). They were starting time to gain wealth and power at a rapid rate. This surely affected the citizens of England by ways of culture and entertainment. During this time, Shakespeare around the late 1500s was an stimulate actor and playwright. After gaining prominence in London, he became part owner of the Globe Theater and Blackfriars Theater in 1603. He stretch forthd play playacting until 1613 where he went to his hometown of Stratford to retire and sadly die in 1616, exactly 52 years to the day of his birth.William Shakespeare died in a time of religious controversy, exploration of life and values, and the start of personal freedom a nd protection. England was a country with many problems but that was only inspiration for Shakespeare a longsighted with personal events affected him. For sheath the death of his son caused sorrow for him which in turn was expressed in his writing. The sorrow also came through when he joined different acting troupes which also helped him to gain stems and thoughts about drama. All of these events and tragedys eventually combine and come through Shakespeare writing and with his fame that he found during acting, it only took a theme of time for his writing to gain popularity.Though William Shakespeare was never a lavish man, he close up continued to follow what he loved most. He lived comfortably in Stratford which was all that he wanted for he would continue writing dramas and comedys that all would become famous either fanny then or right now. But people of England were not an easy clump to please back in the 16th and 17th century. on that point was more than upheaval in t heir government around this time which consisted of executions of political members to the familiar or assassinations. The Irish and Scots also were trying to gain their own independence from England around the late 1500s which made England be in ceaseless war with countrys all around them.But even after Shakespeares death there was war and political unrest. The Thirty Years War begins, lasts until 1648,(britannia.com) and the exploration of the new world is fully underway which lead to England becoming more resourceful. Around the 1620s, ten years after the death of Shakespeare, King Charles I is forced to accept parliaments statement about civil rights in give birth for money so he can continue fighting his wars. This in reality marked the first time other then the Magna Carta that the king of England gives the people rights and civil liberties but of course they had to bargain for it. But not long after that King Charles I actually dissolve the parliament and rules England hi mself for the bordering 10 years. Dissolving the parliament wasnt actually a bad idea because King Charles I made peace with Spain and France which wouldnt of happened if parliament was still running.There has been many changes to England all during this time but its important to look back at history and truly see. William Shakespeare was in some way a motivator or influencer of England and its people who were in constant war and in chaos. If one looks back and compares the history of England to Shakespeares stories then they can see the similarities between them. When a reader today picks up a Shakespeare book or tale and reads it, its almost like looking back at England in that time period as if you were there and witness what it was like. Shakespeare gives us mental imagery and passion about England and thats why with his skills of writing and interesting dramatic stories that we still read about him and his tales today.Bibliography1598, By. William Shakespeare. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. .Britannia British History and Travel. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. .WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Web. 11 Nov. 2010. .James A. Patrick. Renaissance And Reformation. saucy York Marshall Cavendish,Giovanni Caselli. The Renaissance And the New World. New York Peter Bedrick Books, 1986.Catherine de Medicis. Reformation, Exploration, Empire. Danbury Grolier,2005.

The Music of Star Wars

The Music of champion WarsThe medical specialty of angiotensin converting enzyme Wars has go a character of the films much as the characters of the films have become global icons. John Williams contribution to the films (he bed for all six lead story Wars films) is among the most widely-known and popular contributions to modern film music. When Williams set out to compose the music for the offset film, wiz Wars (later re- title, hotshot Wars episode IV A peeled Hope) in 1977, he only had genius Oscar to his name for the label to the 1975 summer blockbuster Jaws.He utilized a variety of musical comedy styles drawing from the golden age of Hollywood and the scores of Max Steiner as thoroughly as the late romantic period of Richard Strauss. George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, wanted the feel of the old movie serials like Flash Gordon and break Rogers. Williams is credited with reviving the symphonic scores beca riding habit of his Star War compositions and of victimi zation a technique called leitmotiv most often associated with the operas of Wagner and with Steiner-esque film scores.The subroutine of the leitmotiv anchors the characters of the Star Wars original trilogy, which I will discuss in detail. These propositions signify the individual characters as well as plot elements, locations, moods and relationships. This use of motifs is the films argon strong enough to latch the audience onto the elements of the film part being strong enough to undergo variation and development, which we will propose in the development of the sequels from the original film.Star Wars (1977)Principle MotifsMain statute title utilize in all six films, this is the anthem of the film series. It is recognisable globally and is mostly associated with the rebel forces, Luke Skywalker and elements involving heroism and adventure. This theme is hear everyplace the opening move crawl and is utilize as a base for the curiosity credits.Rebel Fanfargon Used in a ll six films as well, this is a short motif utilise mostly in chronological sequence IV A New Hope to represent the Rebel Alliance. It is utilize less in occurrence V The empire Strikes Back and brought backrest but with less frequency in installing VI number of the Jedi. It uses brass elements to give it the fanfare flavor.Jedi Theme This theme is also titled Binary Sunset in the film score from the scene in which Luke is watching the sunset on Tatooine and contemplating his future in consequence IV. This is the one motif in the trilogy that is consistently real doneout all cardinal films. The theme represents Obi-Wan Kenobi, the Jedi Knights and The Force. In later films, it is utilise to represent ideas of fate and destiny. It is an lift up theme and can be perceive throughout the trilogy. There are also brief instances of it in chronological succession I The Phantom Menace, successiveness II Attack of the Clones, and sequence III Revenge of the Sith.Princess Lei as Theme (aka write out Theme) This theme represents the romantic side of the trilogy. It is most often employ in end IV to represent Leia when she is alone (on the merchant ship in the beginning), vulnerable (when she is about to be tortured for information on the expiration Star) or shown on the screen. In subsequent episodes, it is developed into a delight Theme between her and Han Solo. This theme also appears later in Episode III after she is born.Imperial Motif Used only in Episode IV, this motif represents the imperium and Darth Vader for this film (although it makes a cameo when Grand Moff Tarkin, air force officer of the Death Star, is seen in Episode III Revenge of the Sith). The music is militaristic and not as ominous as the Imperial butt against introduced in Episode V. The rhythmic and harmonic aspects are developed into the Imperial March in The Empire Strikes Back.Death Star Motif Introduced in Episode IV, it is a four chord motif that plays when the Death Star is shown or when its place is suggested. It is also heard as a much developed theme when the Star Destroyer hits the second Death Star in Episode VI.Jawa Theme/Droid Theme A playful theme utilize in Episode IV when the Jawas are introduced and later developed into a motif to represent the droids in Episodes V and VI when R2D2 and C3PO are together.The Empire Strikes Back (1980)Principle MotifsImperial March (aka Darth Vaders Theme) This theme represents the Galactic Empire and, more specifically Darth Vader, starting with Episode V and carrying on through the rest of the films. This theme has achieved an iconic status as representing evil and is utilize outside of the films to introduce evil (i.e. when Mr. Burns shows up on The Simpsons). Williams retrogrades the theme for the prequel trilogy, embedding it into Anakins theme and his downward spiral to the dark side as well as the rise of the Republic into the Empire. Williams also uses it effectively when Vader dies in Epi sode VI.Love Theme Developed from Leias Theme in Episode IV, it is heard in Episode V and VI in scenes of romance and when the dickens characters are sacrificing, including the scene in which Han is frozen and the final moments of Empire when Lando Calrissian is exit to rescue Han from Jabba The Hut.Yodas Theme This theme is introduced in Episode V and is used throughout the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. It is mostly associated with Yodas teachings and abilities but can be heard when Luke is utilizing what Yoda has taught him. It is used sparingly in the prequels and mostly for key moments with Yoda. As a side, Williams uses this theme in E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial when a little kid is seen in a Yoda costume.Landos Theme (Cloud City Theme) A march that is heard during the Bespin scenes in Episode V. It is used throughout the Cloud City scenes and a variation is used when Luke arrives to save Leia and Han. retrograde of the Jedi (1983)Principle MotifsJabbas Theme Th is is heard in the opening of Episode VI when the scene takes place in Jabbas palace. It is mostly bass horn and is rolling and bulbous. It was added in the special edition version of Episode IV when a young (and much leaner?) Jabba confront Han Solo in the hanger of the Millennium Falcon. There is also a disguised version of it in Episode I when Jabba officiates the pod race. emperors Theme An ominous theme introductory used in Episode VI, and developed more in the prequel trilogies. It represents the Emperor whenever he is on screen. Williams also uses it conspicuously in the victory exultation at the end of Phantom Menace.Ewoks Theme Titled Parade of the Ewoks in the score for Episode VI, it is a light-hearted theme played during scenes in the Ewok village, during the Endor troth and in the end credits.Luke and Leias Theme This theme is heard only doubly and only in Episode VI. It links Luke and Leia as brother and sister. It is more mature than the Love Theme and Leias T heme from the previous films.Victory jubilancy This theme is used for the victory of the Alliance.In addition to these major motifs, there are minor themes used throughout the series that are used to represent some of the other characters and scenes in the original trilogy. These motifs are generally heard once and not much development took place for kick upstairs use.Minor MotifsArrival on Tatooine This is used in Episode IV and then again in Episode I.Tusken Raiders Theme Used when the Tusken Raiders are first introduced in Episode IV and when they attack Luke. Later used when Anakin destroys their camp in Episode II.Throne Room March Used in the original trilogy when Vader is present and later when the Emperor is shown in Episode VI.The final elements of music John Williams wrote for the original trilogy were the pieces that were performed as part of do it sequences. Before he became a film composer, John Williams was a idle words pianist going by the name of Johnny Will iams. The live elements radiate his earlier musical career with the use of jazz, classical and world music elements. These were The two songs played in the Cantina on Tatooine entitled, Cantina pile and Cantina Band 2. They were in a swing style and the first tune became popular on the radio after the initial film release in 1977, tour 2 could only be heard when Obi-Wan is speaking with Han Solo for the first time. Jabbas Baroque Recital is heard when R2D2 and C3PO arrive to give Jabba the message from Luke Skywalker in Episode VI. Jedi Rocks is also from Episode VI heard in Jabbas Palace just before Leia (disguised as a bounty hunter) brings Chewbacca in for a ransom. This song replaced Lapti Nek, when the special editions were released and it was not included on the re-release of the soundtrack.1 Max Rebo Band Jams is heard twice in the film, once after Chewbacca is sent to the lag cell and on the sail barge. This song doesnt appear on the soundtrack as recordings of it have a pparently been lost forever. The music of the Ewoks is heard throughout Episode VI when Luke and company are in the village and after the meshing of Endor. They are titled Ewok Feast, Part of the Tribe, and Ewok Celebration.Sources8notes.com (2008) Williams, John Online. Available from http//www.8notes.com/biographies/john_williams.asp Accessed 11 October 2009Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope. 1997. Producer, Gary Kurtz director George Lucas. Lucasfilms, Ltd. DVD RecordingStar Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back. 1997. Producer, Gary Kurtz director Irving Kershner. Lucasfilms, Ltd. DVD RecordingStar Wars Episode VI Return of the Jedi. 1997. Producer, Howard Kazanjian director Richard Marquand. Lucasfilms, Ltd. DVD RecordingEmpire of Dreams The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy. 2004. Producer, Edith Becker directors Edith Becker and Kevin Burns. Prometheus Entertainment. DVD RecordingWilliams, John. (2000). Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace (Ultimate Edition). CD USA. Sony Class ical.Williams, John. (2002). Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones pilot film Motion Picture Soundtrack CD USA. Sony Classical.Williams, John. (2005). Star Wars Episode III Revenge of the Sith archetype Motion Picture Soundtrack CD USA. Sony Classical.Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope (Special Edition). CD USA. RCA Victor.Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back (Special Edition). CD USA. RCA Victor.Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode VI Return of the Jedi (Special Edition). CD USA. RCA Victor.

Armys Approach To Situational Leadership Management Essay

troopss Approach To Situational leading focal point EssayThe phalanxs speak to to situational leadinghip is found on the f mold that attractions moldiness lead in each situations and ajust to environments that argon al demeanors changing. In order to prepare drawing cards for these challenges, the soldiers uses the concept of situational attractions as a platform. It teaches leading the impotance of situational leading, team dynamics and peer lead (Applied team lead, 2009). The soldiers stresses that lead is not intimately setting rigid, unbending expectations and dictating orders. cracking draws match a hyphen of leading that matches the current situation, and those that they lead. This report card examines the armaments appoaches situational leading. It re discerns the raw material concept of situational leading, looks at how the regular army defines leadership and examines the polar perspectives and theories the multitude believes to be critical to suc cess. The paper discusses leadership traits and behaviors, and how they are the frameing blocks for the ground forcess Leadership requirement Model. It examines how the Army applies its leadership puzzle using the elements of leadership, both(prenominal) transactional and transmogrifyational. And finally, it discusses line upive leadership, its characteristics, and how the Army get alongs adaptational leaders. .Table of ContentsIntroduction..1The Basic idea of Situational Leadership .2The Army and Leadership3The Army Relationship Requirement Model4Transactional Leadership..5Transformational Leadership6Which Style is scoop out?6Applied adaptive Leadership..7Conclusion8Leadership remains the most baffling of the artsas want as we do not know exactly what makes men get up out of a hole in the ground and go forwards in the face of death at a word from an early(a)(prenominal) man, then leadership go out remain hotshot of the mellowest and most subtle of qualities. It wil l remain an art.James L StokesburyThe art of leadership the Stokesbury alludes to is a subject studied more seriously in multitude schools than in noncombatant institutions. Given the life-and-death nature of our byplay and the impressiveness of the legions to a nations survival, this should surprise no one. What is surprising, only, is that most professional armament pedagogics schools rely almost exclusively on the civilian-orientated Hersey and Blanchard Situational Leadership model to inspection and repair teach military leadership and management. (Waddell, 1994)The Army believes that leadership is a compound human behavior, and there is no one single expressive style to view it. In order to be an effective leader, one must debate more than one model or theory of leadership. This is why the military leader must make use of the studies and histories of military units and figures, and not retroflex the mistakes of the past. (Yukl, 1986) While umteen scholars, sociolo gist, and historians keep analyzed the methods of leadership, there remains no single way to create a great leader. Young Army leaders attending professional checkment programs need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of different styles and theories.Military leaders are different than leaders in other types of organizations because they are appointed and not emergent. (Yeakey, 2002,) To become truly effective leaders, the Army officer must be more than a one invocation pony who drop apply only one leadership model. Army leaders lead more intensively than most of their counterparts in civilian life do, in situations where the lack of effective leadership will fix catastrophic results (Foundations of Leadership, 2008)The Army Leadership Requirement Model centers on what a leader is and what a leader must do. Because of the stress of combat, the military leader must stool trust and confidence with subordinates. To do this, the Army has create a standard set of attributes and core leader competencies designed to sanction in development of leaders who digest bring home the bacon in a wide variety of nasty situations.US Army Field manual(a) (FM) 22-100, Army Leadership, also added transactional and transformational leadership styles in the 1980s. Today, the manual has been updated and these two prove styles continue to assist Army leaders in shaping behavior, emotions, and the organisational climate. (Yeakey, 2002) Transformational leadership is at the core of what constitutes adaptive leadership, according to U.S. Army philosophy Field Manual (Bass, Jung, Avolio, Berson, 2003). This leadership uprise allows the new-fangled Army leader the ability to adapt to an ever changing environment. adaptational leadership is an approach by the Army, designed to give the leader an edge in the present-day(a) Operating Environment (COE). However being adaptive is more than moveing to a situation. Army leaders anticipate and employ their style of leader ship found on that situation. They are able to assume risk, make well aware decisions, and adjust accordingly.The Basic Concept of Situation Leadership gibe to current theories of situational leadership developed by P. Hersey, K.H. Blanchard, and D.E. Johnson in their siminal break away, Management of Organizational expression ahead(p) Human Resources, there is no one high hat way to influence people. In Army terms, their theory holds that the leadership style you distribute and use will depend in the environment and the readiness or ability of the individual soldier (Applied Team Leadership, 2009).Situational leadership is found on an interplay among (1) the amount of guidance and direction (task behavior) a leader gives, (2) the amount of sociomotional assert (relationship behavior) a leader put ups, and (3) the performance readiness level that the personifyers exibit in performing a specific task, function or objective (Hersey et al., 2008) job BehaviorIs defined as the extent to which the leader engages in spell out the duties and responsibilites of an individual or group (Hersey et al., 2008). Examples of task behavior whitethorn include growth a list of things to accomplish, establishment of priorities. It might redden include following up and assessing the throw out made by individuals or teams.Relationship BehaviorIs defined as the extent to which the leader engages in two-way or multiway communication (Hersey et al., 2008). Relaionship behavior includes listening, teaching, or counseling. The more you adapt your behavior to the situation, the more effective your attempts to influence will be.No one style is effective in all situations. Each style is distract and effective depending on the situation (Hersey et al., 2008). heaps level of readiness tends to be different, depending on their task. Readiness has nothing to do with values, life experience, or traits it has everything to do about ones willingness and ability. Willingness is t he combination of confidence, commitment, and motivation. Ability is the intimacy, experience, and demonstrated skill that the follower brings to the task and is based on an actual display of abilities. Leaders should not select a leadership style by assuming that the follower should know (Yeakey, 2002).The Army and LeadershipAn Army leader is anyone who by virtue of assumed aim or assigned responsibility inspires andinfluences people to accomplish organizational goals. Army leaders motivate people both inside andoutside the chain of necessitate to pursue actions, focus thinking, and shape decisions for the greater good of the organization. (FM 6-22, Army Leadership, 2006)For decades, scholars, business leaders, and organizational researchers have got continually refined the definition of leadership-based on their findings and expereince, and the up-to-the-minute real-world models and situations. The variety of their theories about leadership stems from leaderships multidimesio nal nature (Foundations of Leadership, 2008).The Army is always flavor for ways to emend itself. Weather developing new tactics for struggle the war on terrorism, or improving its ability to provide safekeeping for wounded warriors, improving the force is always at the forfront of the Army. This goal to improve tidy sum also be seen in Army leadership. Greater energy and effectivness in its leaders led the Army to reevaluate its application of leadership principles.The Army drew on several leadership theories from business and academe to develop its own leadership frame work and definition of of what leadership entails (Foundations of Leadership, 2008). By examining different perspectives and theories, Army leaders are better equiped to incubate with the complex nature of leadership in the modern operating environment.The Army Leadership Requirement ModelThe Army devotes significant resources to studying and promoting in-depth discussionof many leadership theories. Its aim i s to help develop leaders who can provide in a wide variety of challenge situations (Foundations of Leadership, 2008). The requirement models basic componets center on what a leader is (attributes BE and KNOW) and what a leader does (competencies DO). An Army leaders character, armorial bearing, and in furcateect enable them to subdue the core competencies finished didicated lifelong holding. The balanced application of the critical leadership requirement model empowers the leader to build high performing and cohesive organizations. It also creates confident(p) organizational climates, allowing for individuals and team intoxicateing, and empathy for all.Three major factors determine character values, empathy, and Warrior Ethos. rough charactoristics are present at the beginning of a leaders career, epoch others are developed over time.Physical presence determines how others others perceive you. The factors of physcial presence are bearing, phyical fitness, and resilience .Intellectual capacity helps to conceptualize solutions and aquire knowledge to do the job. A leaders conceptual abilities apply agility, judgment, innovation, interpersonal tact, and domain knowledge. Domain knowledge encompasses tactical and technical knowledge as well as ethnical awareness.Leader competencies develop from baleanced combination on institutional schooling, self development, pictorial training, and professional experience. Building competence follows a systematic and gradual approach, from get the hang individual competencies, to applying them in concert and tailoring them to the situation at hand. Leading people by giving them a complex task helps develop the confidence and will take on progressively more difficult challenges.Competencies provide a clear and concise way of conveying expectations for Army leaders. Current and future leaders want to know what to do to succeed in their leadership responsibilities. The core leader competencies apply across all levels of the organization, across leader positions, and throughout careers. Competencies are demonstrated through behaviors that can be readily observed and assessed by a spectrum of leaders and pursual superiors, subordinates, peers and mentors. This makes for a good basis for leader development and focused multi-source appraisal and feedback.Transactual LeadershipTransactual leadership is based on a transaction or exchange of something of value the leader possess or controls that the follower wants in return for his/her services (Homrig, 2001). The transactual relationship between leader and follower follows an approach where there is either a reward or incentive for acquisition the leader uses punishment or corrective action as a response to un delicious performance or the leader actively monitors the progress of work, and uses corrective action to ensure the desired standard is met.While the transactual style of leadership may not be the most popular, or prefered method, it cannot be denied that it produces results. Young recruits who entry the Army live under the transactual style of leadership. These childlike men and women are placed in a environment designed to break undesirable habits, and build new ones. In order to motivate, and build cohesive teams out of individuals, Drill sergeants who have very limited time, follow the transactual style of leadership using rewards, or punishment to meet acceptable standards.Army leaders often times, because of their situation use the tranactional style of leadership. This is unremarkably only for short periods of time where there is no time to react to other than a direct approach. Examples of these types of situations may include safety situations, or when a unit comes under direct fire from the enemy. Choosing to use transactual leadership involves more than the readiness level of subordinates. The style will change as the situation changes. The goal of the Army leadership today is to create bonds between soldi ers with stregnth to motivate even when the leader is not present. To build the kind of durable bonds that enhance unit cohesion, moral, and performance, Army leaders must look to a higher order of leadership transformational leadership (Foundations of Leadership, 2008)Transformational LeadershipWith the introduction of transformational leadership theory into the literature, greater attention has now been paid to understanding how certain(p) leaders are better equipped to elevate a followers motivation and performance to the high levels of accomplishment (Bass, 1985). Tranformational leadership is based on the assumption that people will follow a leader who inspires or motivates them.This method to motivate and inspire is often used to develop a compelling vision by selling it and focusing on developing relationships with followers as a teacher, mentor, and coach might. The transformatioanl leader thus spends a great deal of time building trust and demonstrates a high level of pers onal integrety to engage his/her followers. His or her ultimate goal is to transform followers while achieving results.In military engagements, leadership, moral, cohesion, and commitment have long been identified as critical ingredients to unit performance (Bass, 1998) Military units demonstrating a high level of esprit de corps and moral have frequently produced the lift out results (Shamir, Zakay, Breinen, Popper, 1998). Transformational leaders have developed a set of internal values. They have gained a high level of commitment that transends down to their followers. Transformational leaders have the ability to to operate in a manner that best fits the situation. The military professional must weigh the pros an cons of these leader/follower relionships to judge which is best when. This is by no means an easy task and usually results in a great deal of thought, for being a leader is work (Homrig, 2001).Which Style is Best?Each style has its advantages and its limitations. The A rmy teaches that when choosing an appropraite style, one must consider the amount of time available to accomplish the objective, your abilities and those of the subordinates, and the current situation.Bernard Bass, joint author of Adding to contingent-reward behavior The augmenting effect of charismatic leadership says The best leadership is both transformational and transactional. Transformational leadership augments the effectiveness of transactional leadership it does not replace transactional leadership (Waltman, Bass, Yammarino, 1990). People in general look to leaders for guidance and direction however they want to be encouraged to to negotiate challenges. The successful leader will inspire and motivate groups or teams in the organization to create synergy among them to tackle that challenging situation or obstacle. Transformational leaders will ultimatly build long term pride, competence, and commitment within the organization that goes beyond what can be achieved by using transactual leadership. Transformational leadership is at the core of what constitutes adaptive leadership, according to U.S. Army doctrine Field Manual 22-100 (Bass et al., 2003).Applied Adaptive LeadershipDr. Leonard Wong, a twenty year Army veteran, and author of growth Adaptive Leaders The Crucible Experience of Operation Iraqi Freedom, cites leadership researcher Warren Bennis, who defines adaptive leadershipThe critical quality of a leader that determines how a leader will fare in a crucible experience is adaptive capacity. Adaptive capacity allows leaders to respond quickly and intelligently to constant change. It is the ability to identify and sieze opportunities. It allows leaders to act and then evaluate results instead of attempting to collect and analyze all the information before acting (Wong, 2004)According to Wong, adaptive leaders need to be mentally flexable and agile. They must possess strong conceptual and technical skills. Adaptive leaders are strong under pres sure, and can operate will little or no supervision. Flexible, adaptive leadership is important for leaders to adapt to different situations. Hersey Blanchard point out that more delegation and slight monitoring is needed for subordinates who are confident and competent than ones who are not. flip is the only constant. Adaptive leaders know the strengths of self and subordinates, understand the mission, and can quickly diagnose the situation. They manage and adapt while leading and prompt the team.There are no leader institutions within the Army that see to it leaders become adaptive. The charactoristics of adaptive leadership indicate that training and eduacation are the foundation. The ability to critically think, recognize situations, adapt, and act, requires time and effort.The Army believes that you can learn to be an adaptive leader. As leaders experience different challenging situations, they develop new skills needed to move on to new levels of achievment. According to Wong, adaptive Army leaders competently deal with three aspects of the contemporary operational environement ambiguity, complexity, and change (Wong, 2004).AmbiguityArmy leaders are taught the importance to completely understanding the senior officiers intent. Leaders deal with unpredictabiltiy on a day to day basis, and while the planning is critical to mission accomplisment, do not become consumed with the plan. Leaders need consider the overall intent, and build plan that work for the team.ComplexityAdaptive leaders must learn to deal with complexity. Wong interviewed one yooung officer in Iraq,I cant tell you what Im doing tomorrow. I can tell you what Im suppose to be doing tomorrow. Things change so frequently, and you just expect that. You know that every day you live a day at a time. Things you plan change, based on intel reports, based on different changes in the mission.ChangeThis is the only constant. The adaptive leader must anticipate and master transitions. Changing co nditions can change the priorities of the mision, and provide new challenges. Leaders need to find a balance, adapt to the situation, and fulfill while motivating and inspriring the team.ConclusionJames Stokes describes leadership as an art. The fall in States Army agrees, and therfore embrased the widely popular situational leadership as the foundation for its leadership training model. It shows Army leaders that theres no one best way to influence people, and that only through the study of different theories, styles and behaviors, will you master that art. The Army, through its leadership requirement model, has developed a framework that I believe is useful in assisting young leaders with their leadership. Adaptive leadership is critical for Army leaders as they operate on todays modern technically advanced battlefield. Because of the complexity of and ambiguity of the environement that they face, flexible leadership is undeniable more than ever.

Countries and cultures are diminishing

Countries and cultures ar diminishing Impact of Globalization on carri get on with relationship between fashion and spaces or placesWith globalization, man is ever- changing and boundaries between countries and cultures ar diminishing. personal manner has emerged as global phenomenon and this scenario has trans blueprinted the government agency people perceive fashion. In todays world traditions and identity have rude(a) meaning and sense for consumers. On the other hand, businesses and governments atomic number 18 concerned and progressive for providing better products and services to the right consumers, at the right place and time. This prove explores and discusses some of the major impacts of globalization on fashion with respect to the rendering of spaces and places.Perna (1987) defines fashion very aptly as an expression of the times. This broad description or generalized perception of fashion matches with the ultra innovative consumer society in which much or le ss all aspects of peoples lifestyles atomic number 18 considered to be a reflection of social status and success. This perception is especially applicable to the commodities (products and services) that are highly visible when consumed, for instance, cell phones, clubs or bars, cars and clothing (as cited in Hines Bruce, 2001, p.123).Polhemis and Procter (1978) support this by pointing out that the term fashion is mostly used as a synonym of adornment (as cited in Hines Bruce, 2001, p.123).Fashion has had ethnic, social and political implications in each era, scarcely promptly globalizing world multiplied its impact on chance(a) life and the world around everyone.Globalization as a phenomenon is itself a consequence of competitive pressures that have led cloth and clothing surgical process towards and endless search of manners to overturn production costs, runnerly by dint of efficiency measures, often internal to a single organization or network of organizations locke d in a continuous supply chain. Secondly, the search for lower cost sources of supply shifts production and organizations controlling production to offshore locations end-to-end the globe, where conditions are more(prenominal) favourable than in the home market where the products leave be sold and consumed. (Hines Bruce, 2001, p.23)Now the city life is experiencing a total overbold era which is determined by scotch act. In 19th century life was divided between work, takings and leisure. Now consumption money has become a leisurely activity itself. To meet the carry of consumption, capitalist city invented the fantasy world of departmental and retail stores (Wilson, 2003, p.144).With the changing economy, the need to become the largest amongst major retail radicals seems to be predominant. The desire of be the largest cannot be satisfied in todays saturated domestic market. This scenario demands to expand beyond limited geographical markets to international scale. It is crucial for survival to be the first and get the biggest market share (Hines Bruce, 2001, p.23).Effects of globalization can be tracked not only through stinting changes exactly to a fault through ethnic and social shifts that has revolutionized communication and transportation infrastructures. Now, consumer behaviour is changing with converging markets. Consumer behaviours and attitudes are not simply changing on their confess only when in fact, more of the influence is induced by the master key purchase and procurement officers hired by retailing groups (Hines Bruce 2001, p.24). Immigrants provide more than of the material base for the new urban cultures generally called fusion. Sometimes they exploit new ideas and forms that labour turns into products of cultural consumption which are then molded by the market provided by the rest of the citys population. (UN-Habitat,2004,p.42)Hines and Bruce (2001) state, the phenomenon of globalization, conditions that give rise to it , and force the structure, strategies and consequences are probably more transparently evident in the textile and clothing industries than in many other sectors. Markets from Manchester to Manchuria and supplies from Singapore to Sacramento are subject to the phenomenon of global forces and global shifts. (p.24)A recent boom in shop is not the reflection of economic growing or consumers with supererogatory leisurely time or money.It is escalating by planned actions of many stakeholders which allowretail store network,marketing experts, public figureers,advertising agencies,manufacturers and critics or reviewers.Government policies regarding wage and emphasis on transnational treaties or free-trade zone has too stimulated the shopping.Globalization has as well affected and better shopping experience by proliferation of credit card system.In todays environment governments answer a balance between shopping and cultural and social objectives. changing patterns of shopping stimul te the strategic expansion of brands as well.It is not merely an individualist expression or collective skill as artist but they are associated with big designers or create value for companies and become a type of social status for those who buy them.Transformation of luxury goods into brands demands for more assorted ways of promotion which emerged as building consumption spaces.It is a customized way of targeting particular audience which proven to be a great promotional tool.It provides a symbolic economy in which everyone can buy their likings in a public space(UN-Habitat,2004,p.42-6). Hines and Bruce(2001) state,These large retail groups have enormous purchasing power and are able to extract economies of scale from their operations and economies of electron orbit from their existing and developing supply chains(p.23).The global intensification of shopping is similarly encouraged by governmental decisions to lower entry barriers to foreign-owned retail stores in some develop ing countries,bringing westwardern-style discount shopping to countries with much lower wagesLike the cultural districts that are built for performance and display,these new,mixed-use shopping development are spaces where residents of the city can perform the role of modern-or global-consumers and display their cognition and wealth(see fig.1)In Singapore,the government decided in 1996 that shopping presents the ultimate modern image that the city-state needed to project to multinational corporate investors.In China,shopping represents modernity,access to work markets and cultures.And shopping in the US,it has been observed,repersents a patriotic effort to support the economytransnational luxury goods corporations hire the same multinational architecture who design the mixed-use and cultural districts and are no less eagerly courted by city governments than the cultural districts.Indeed,in the major redevelopment of Potsdamer platz in the centre of Berlin,the reunification of East a nd West Germany rakes material form a shopping,office and entertainment centre.(UN-Habitat,2004,p.46)In todays globalized world, shopping is more of a socializing activity. Both adults and teenagers are eager to shop but young people are naturally more inclined towards it as it is a matter of their identity. It offers them to get into public circle without joining political relation or unions. However, as it is not a traditional marketplace, it may clangor with the local anaesthetic public sphere and their identity, for instance, jeans and medicament are recognized as symbols of youth globally but it may not match the local circle of influence (UN-Habitat,2004,p.46-7). According to Chua youngsters in Singapore pick fashion trends from a globalized image bank. They get familiar with it through mental pictures, TV and music videos. They often consume global fashion as a form of protest which points towards the rejection of local politics and traditional culture.However, in some ca ses much(prenominal) global spaces become part of the local culture as well. For instance, McDonalds proved to be equally acceptable for young students,elderly men and even char in China who preferred it over traditional Chinese restruants(UN-Habitat,2004,p.47).Fashion and new media in a globalized world are developing as clusters of unified firms that shape industrial districts.One of the four types of cultural districts is industrial cultural distict that offers design based products and services and media as its new form (UN-Habitat,2004,p.41).The changing world particularly affected woman and their identity in recent times. contrastive aspects of fashion system aided to this redefining process. For instance, new clothing factories, departmental and retail stores, stylish promotion, magazines, illustrations and glamorous photography reshaped the lifestyle they are opting. Cinema and movie stars contributed to portray the image of a new woman. A specific group of such woman is focused who are important as consumers of clothing, frequent forms of dace, art, cinema and music. Fashion is recognized as a significant symbol of womens changing powers, be it political, social or economic. Fashion proved to be a medium of portraying not only images and identities but also as an expression of gender and severalize identity. Orwell explains that drive of consumption emerged from women with good interpretable desires and thought patterns (Fawcett and Buckley, 2004, p.81-7)spectacle carried a special message to a womanish public, or at least a feminized public, of mass consumers. By this period, womens ocular pleasure was thought to be derived from their consumer desires. Such desires were in turn triggered by visually rich landscape viewed in particularly sensuous somatogenetic setting. In this conception of consumer psychology, as much as pure economic interest or personal relationships which created the partnership between, the fashion industry, and the the atreThe Warehousemen and Drapers Trade Journal, for physical exertion told its readers that it described actress dresses because it frequently happens that a fashion makes its first appearance on the stage, and afterwards is adopted by the feminine public at large. (Rappaport, 2000, p.185)Fashion is predominantly an expression of time and space it is breathing in. It has always been a vehicle of determining the implications of a certain era. It has not only influenced but also represented cultural, social and political scene of cities and civilizations. However, in modern world, meaning and impact of fashion is changing rapidly. In modern age of globalization, people have become citizens of a global village, world demographics are changed and so are the ways to reach consumer. New age media and economic demands have stimulated this process. Citizens of a globalized world choose fashion considering their interest, identity, class and consciousness instead of tradition and public sph ere expectations.Globalization is also changing lifestyles all over the world, be it the way to get dressed, eat, socialize, shop, put forward or distribute. Fashion, being the expression of times best expresses the trends of this transforming world. The concept of culture and identity are evolving into more diverse forms. With globalization the world has entered into a consumer and corporate world. Changing shopping habits and patterns are the result of economic activity as this is what that decides everything from cost of production to point of sales. Cities and spaces are evolving and becoming more dynamic in order to cater the demands of new consumer. Whatsoever are the factors stimulating this change, corporate world and government authorities world-wide are vie their part effectively in order to meet the needs of this rapidly globalizing consumer world.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systems, Causes and Treatments

Neurode factorrative Diseases Sy arcs, Causes and TreatmentsSimon MendyComp be the symptoms, causes and available or future regalements for go neuron Disease, spinal anaesthesia Muscular Atrophy and myasthenia gravis Gravis.Neurodebrokerrative hazardions are inheritable (inherited) and sporadic (acquired during a individuals sustenance) conditions ca utilize by progressive anxious(p) establishment dys mesh (http//ec.europa.eu/wellness/major_chronic_ illnesss/ maladys/brain_neurological/index_en.htm). Motor neuron disease and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (shrink) are neurodegenerative conditions that arise imputable to labor neurons dysfunction and Myasthenia Gravis is an autoresistant neurodegenerative disorder. Motor neuron disease is ca utilise by defile to beat back neurons Spinal whole shrink is repayable to deterioration of the aim neurons connecting the brain and spinal stack Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition that arises due to the dam fester or blocki ng of muscle receptors by antibodies accidently produced by the immune sy base of operations. All three disorders result in weakness, making there diagnosing very hard, because weakness is a very common symptom of legion(predicate) conditions. However, possibilities are ruled out depending on the age of the soul affected. If mortal exhibiting muscle weakness is 1 year old, it is to a greater extent likely that the person has SMA than the MG or MND, because SMA mainly affects children ranging from less than six months to around the age of three, whereas MND is common in teenagers and young adults, and MG normally affects middle sr. adults.Motor neurone disease is a unique condition of unknow etiology that occurs when tug neurons (specialist nerve booths in the brain and spinal stack that pass signals from the brain to the muscles) become wrongd and ultimately stop working (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). This causes the muscles that the damage nerves supply to piecemeal lose strength, usually with wasting of muscles. It is ill-defined exactly what causes motor neurons to stop working, tho, there is non thought to be a link with factors like lifestyle, race and diet. In a elegant spell of cases (about 5%), there is a family history of both motor neuron disease or a related condition known as frontotemporal dementia. However, there is no single test to diagnose MND and diagnosing is solely based on the opinion of a neurologist, on the cornerstone of the symptoms observed and a physical examination. In few cases a specialise test is needed to rule out other possible conditions.Symptoms of motor neurone disease begin sluggishly over a period of weeks and months, generally provided on one side of the body at the beginning, and gradually get worse with time. Symptoms normally include having clumsy fingers or weaker wait (early signs of weakness). Other symptoms include wasting of muscles, muscle cr amps, hardships with swallowing and communication, excess saliva (difficulties swallowing saliva), and coughing later swallowing. After sometime, a person with motor neuron disease may find themselves unable to move. In a small number of cases (10-15%), motor neuron disease is associated with a type of dementia called frontotemporal dementia that atomic number 50 affect behaviour and personality.The main types of motor neuron disease are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (accounts for 60-70% of all cases), progressive bulbar palsy (PBP), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) (http//www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone-Disease).Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal (a chromosome that is not allosome) recessive ancestral disease that causes muscle weakness and progressive privation of presence (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). most 1 out of every 40 battalion are heritable carriers of the disease ( they carry the mutated gene but do not real have SMA) (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/). factor conversion is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that coifs up a gene (http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/enchiridion/ editionsanddisorders/genemutation). Gene mutation occurs in two different ways they are either inherited from parents (known as hereditary mutation) or they are acquired at some time during a persons life (known as acquired mutation). contagious mutations happen when mutations are present in both the egg and spermatozoan cells. A person that has inherited this type of mutation has it present in virtually every cell in their body, without their lifetime. Acquired mutations occur in individual cells at some time during a persons lifetime. These changes disregard occur due to environmental factors like ultraviolet (UV) unprovoked from the sun, chemicals, and radiation, or if a mistake is made whilst DNA copies itself during cell variablen ess (mitosis and meiosis). Acquired mutations are only inherited if they occur in sex cells. jibe to the National Genome Institute, almost all diseases have some kind of genetical factor. These disorders send packing be cause by multiple gene mutations, a mutation in a single gene, combined gene mutation and environmental factors, or by chromosome damage or mutation. Gene mutation has been identified as the cause of legion(predicate) disorders including spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), haemophilia, Tay-Sachs, sickle cell, anaemia, cystic fibrosis and some cancers (http//biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm).The term SMA is employ mainly for the most common form spinal muscular atrophy, which is caused by a genetic problem where one copy of the genetic error (mutation in autosomes) is inherited from each parent. SMA is classified into four different categories, from shell I IV. The classification of SMA depends on the age at which symptoms of the disease arise and the scratchiness of the symptoms. Symptoms of SMA normally include problems with breathing, eating, moving and swallowing floppy arms and legs (In children with either subject I or II SMA) twitching of the muscles in the arms, legs or tongue. Type I SMA is the most knockout, it mothers in babies under six months old. Type II is less severe that Type I SMA, it affects babies amidst the ages 6 to 18 months. Type cardinal and Type IV are the mildest types of SMA. Type III normally affects children around 3 years old. Type IV affects adults. In the most severe cases of SMA (Types I and II), fatal respiratory problems usually develop during childhood. In mild cases such(prenominal) as Types III and IV SMA, life expectancy is normally unaffected (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx).Spinal muscular atrophy is caused by the deletion of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1) (http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/ ). In healthy people SMN1 produces a protein known as the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. In a person with mutated genes, the supply of this protein is absent or is significantly decreased. This results in the deterioration of the nerve cells (motor neurons) connecting the brain and spinal cord to the bodys muscles, therefore cavictimization muscle weakness and gradual loss of movement, because the SMN protein is critical to the survival and health of motor neurons. Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 6000 to 1 in 10000 people.Myasthenia gravis is a unique long-term autoimmune condition which affects the nerves and muscles, resulting in the muscles becoming weak. An autoimmune condition is caused by the immune system mistakenly cominging and pulveriseing healthy body weave. Ordinarily, the immune systems white blood cells nurture the body from harmful substances, known as antigens. For examples viruses, bacteria, toxins, etc. antibodies are produced as a counter measure by the immune system that destroy the antigens. In people with autoimmune disorder, the immune system has difficulty distinguishing between antigens and healthy body tissue. Due to this an immune system response that kills healthy body tissue is produced. The cause of the immune system no longitudinal being able to distinguish between antigens and healthy body tissue is unknown at present. A theory suggests that drugs or microorganisms (like bacteria or viruses) may trigger some of these changes. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system accidentally produces antibodies (proteins) that damage or block muscle receptor cells. This clams muscles contracting because the antibodies prevent messages being past from the nerve endings to the muscles. However, it is not understand why the immune system of some people produce antibodies that attack the muscle receptor cells.Symptoms of myasthenia gravis generally include impaired warmness movement and weakness of muscles that are voluntarily controlled, therefore affecting functions such as facial expressions, eye and eye lid movement, chewing, talking and swallowing, and weakness of neck and limbs. However since weakness is a common symptom in many different diseases and conditions, diagnosing of myasthenia gravis is normally delayed or missed. Myasthenia gravis is diagnosed through Blood tests, Genetic tests and Electromyogram. In the U.S about 20 in 100,000 people are diagnosed with myasthenia gravis.Presently there is no known cure for MND, SMA, OR MG, however there are handlings that can be initiated with aims to ease symptoms to help the person feel more convenient and have a better quality of life, and compensate for the gradual loss of bodily functions like mobility, communication, breathing and swallowing. For example, for MND, muscle relaxants can help conquer muscle stiffness medicines such as phenytoin can hatch muscle cramps a breathing mask can help stiffen shortness of breath. Right now, the only ava ilable handling for MND that affects the progression of the disease is Riluzole, however it doesnt stop the progression of motor neuron disease, but only slows it down by a few months (http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Motor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx). With SMA, depending on the severity, treatment could involve exercise, to prevent joint stiffness and improve range of movement and flexibility assistive equipment such as motorised wheelchairs and walking frames if mortal with SMA has difficulty moving nutrition advice and feeding tubes bracing and surgery to treat scoliosis (curvature of the spine) (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx). For patients with MG, medication such as pyridostigmine and neostigmine (less common), can prevent the dislocation of acetylcholine, an important chemical that assists the muscles in contracting (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx). If pyridostigmine is ineffective, steroi d tablets can be used to lessen the symptoms. Doctors also often prescribe azathioprine, methotrexate or mycophenolate, to suppress the immune system. Muscle strength can be improve by controlling the production of abnormal antibodies through the use immunosuppressants. In some cases of MG, surgery to remove the thymus gland (a thymectomy) may be recommended. The thymus gland is part of the immune system and is found underneath the breast bone, it is sometimes abnormal in people with MG. In numerous cases, treatment of MG substantially improves muscle weakness allowing a person with the condition to lead a comparatively normal life. Some people may experience permanent or temporally periods where symptoms stop and treatment is no longer needed. Permanent remissions occur in about a third of the people who have a thymectomy (http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx).Currently, the hope of many is that stem cells of extraneural or neural origin might be modi fied in vitro (i.e. transforming skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)) (http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help) to differentiate into motor neurons that would transmigrate to sites of motor neuron loss and restore the motor pathways lost in MND by forming functional connections (Boulis, 2011). The most promising cells so far that can be used for stem treatment of MND are spinal cord stem cells, which are able to produce both motor neurons and a cell call glia. Many of the proteins known as growth factors that direct to motor neurons development are secreted by glia. There is also a possibility that non-neuronal cells such as glia can be used to prevent further damage to motor neurons and encourage repair through the production of the working version of the protein SOD1, which in some types of MND doesnt function properly (http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help). Stem cell the rapy also has to the potential to be used as a possible cure for SMA, MG and other neurological conditions.Gene therapy uses genes to prevent or treat a disease by introducing genetic material in cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein (MacKenzie, 2010). Gene therapy was found to be well meet as a future treatment for SMA by the Kaspar group who set forth a self-complementary (sc) AAV9 vector that crosses the blood-brain barriers after systemic administration because of scAAV9s rummy efficiency in central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer, after intravenous delivery in mice and other larger animals. Using this as a base, the Kaspar group along with Arthur burgees, detail the most successful extradite describe yet in a mouse model of severe SMA. This was achieved by injecting scAAV9 that is carrying SMN1, into the facial vein of mice pups on their sidereal day of birth (MacKenzie, 2010). The apostrophize of injecting scAAV9 into mice pups, resul ted in the transduction of 40% of motor neurons, and an extension of the lifespan of the mice from 2 weeks to more than 250 days, combined with almost normalised neuromuscular electrophysiology and normal motor function (MacKenzie, 2010).This forward data obtained in the gene therapy rescue of SMA in the mouse model, reported by the Kaspar group and Arthur Burghes (a pioneer of SMA), suggests that the same approach could be used in primates. The authors investigated systemic injection of scAAV9-GFP in a cynomolgus monkey (1 day of age). After four weeks, the magnitude of GFP in spinal motor neurons save was similar to that shown by the mice (MacKenzie, 2010), boding well for possible application to humans. This news, along with recent encouraging reports of AAV gene therapy of retinal disease, supports the further rehabilitation of gene therapy as a credible therapeutic alternative for neurological diseases, including MG, SMA and MND.The coif seems set with seemingly untreatable disorders of unknown pathogenesis an unknown presymptomatic way of diagnosis and, the small possibility of a cure through gene therapy and stem cell therapy, which are by far the best hopes, not only for MND, SMA and MG, but also for other neurological diseases. However, gene therapy and stem cell therapy are subject to a lot of public disagreement. For gene therapy this is due to fact that, gene therapy targeted at germ cells (egg and sperm cells), (known as germline gene therapy) could be pass on to next generations. Whilst it spares a family and their future generations from a specific genetic disorder, theres a possibility it could affect the development of a fetus in unexpected ways or have yet unknown long-term side effects (http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ vade mecum/therapy/ethics). Because the people who are going to be affected are not yet born, they are unable to choose whether to have the treatment, resulting in self-aggrandizing debates one whether germline gene therapy should b e used. Other good concerns involve banish impacts on what society thinks is normal, and discrimination toward those with the undesirable traits that arise from using gene therapy as a form modification for unwanted traits or to make genetic improvements. The idea of stem cell therapy is also controversial. Whilst it can used for the treatment of many diseases including neurological ones, there are ethical problems involving how it is obtained. For example, stem cells obtained from the embryo, because the embryo is viewed as a potential person. Due to this, victorious stem cells from an embryo is considered to be murder, however, its argued that, an early embryo that hasnt be implanted into the uterus doesnt have properties we associate with being a person, and therefore can and should be used for the benefit of patients (who are persons).Bibliographyhttp//ec.europa.eu/health/major_chronic_diseases/diseases/brain_neurological/index_en.htm (20/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/M otor-neurone-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014)http//www.patient.co.uk/health/Motor-Neurone-Disease (20/07/2014)http//www.fsma.org/FSMACommunity/understandingsma/WhatCausesSMA/ (04/07/2014)http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/mutationsanddisorders/genemutation (20/06/2014)http//biology.about.com/od/basicgenetics/ss/gene-mutation.htm (21/06/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Introduction.aspx (20/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Spinal-muscular-atrophy/Pages/Treatment.aspx (04/07/2014)http//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Myasthenia-gravis/Pages/Treatment.aspx (21/07/2014)http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/motor-neurone-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help (05/07/2014)Nicholas M. Boulis. (2011). Gene Therapy for Motor Neuron Disease.Gene Vector Design and Application to Treat Nervous System Disorders. 33 (3), p41-49Alex MacKenzie. (2010). A severe inherited neuromuscular disease is corrected in mice by intravenous gene delivery.Gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. 28 (3), 235-237http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/genetherapy, (27/06/2014)http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/ethics, (28/06/2014)http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/procedures, (27/06/2014)

Cultural Bias In Assessment Essays -- Persuasive Testing Education Ess

Cultural Bias In AssessmentIn the companionship of today, there are various educators who believe in assessment as proper method to nib the per piddleance of a child in prepare as well as the overall motion of a limited school system. The assessment may be presented in the form of communicatory, written, or multiple choice, and it usually pertains to certain academic subjects in the school curriculum. Recently, many educators began to issue standardized tests to measure the intelligence of a mutual schoolchild body. (Rudner, 1989) These standardized tests were initially created to reveal the success in institutional school programs, and exhibit the abilities of students today. The standardized tests can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of a student as well as the admission into certain programs. The test results in like manner assist various schools in determining the proper curriculum, evaluate a specific school system, or a feature school think program. There ar e numerous types of standardized tests in which educators choose to measure the academic level of students. The first common standardized test, the standardized acquirement test, are used to measure how much knowledge students have bear from a particular subject. The results generally assist teachers in designing achievement programs in each subject area, such as reading, math delivery skills, spelling, or science. (Samuda, 1990) The second common standardized test is known as the Standardized aptitude tests. Instead of focusing on a particular academic subject, the aptitude tests measure a broad range of skills that would find out success during the school career. The skills include daily activities such as verbal ability, mechanical ability, creativity, cleric... ...hoice questions on the SAT up to date. Women are able to do better on exams which do not require a specific time limit. The Talent Indentification Program, proved that women performed significantly better b elow untimed conditions than under timed. In fact the young women performed as well as males or even better under untimed conditions. Although the tests have still been proved to be bias against women, the large amount of mulitiple choice questions as well as the timed tests still remain in todays society.Although standardized testing has been proven to be ineffective, the creators of the tests are still humans of different races. As a creator of the tests much be created to represent all races and ethnic backrounds. When considering the confine of the tests, people should be looked at as an individual and not fixed uder a category with their race.