Blood Clotting Essay Example for Free

Blood Clotting EssayBlood constipateting is an adaptive/defensive mechanism of the human body. Its autochthonic purpose is to prevent the loss of blood from the cardiovascular system from damaged blood vessels in order to avoid shock and possible death. This accomplished by a process called coagulation wherein blood solidify at the site of injury through a complex process involving thrombocyte aggregation and fibrin physical composition coupled with thrombin and a dozen other clotting concomitantors. Though the mechanism is knowing to prevent deleterious harm, clotting can also be catastrophic especially when inappropriately triggered such as in the case of strokes and infarctions. In the article by Cathleen Genova, she discusses the findings of a report made in the April 17th 2009 subject of Cell, a journal from Cell Press Publication, where researchers found a possible panache of preventing life-threatening clots. The discovery might offer a new elan to fight clot form ation in the lead it can even begin, according to the researchers. According to the findings, thrombin isnt the only player in the clotting process, in fact enzymes known as matrix metalloproteases have recently emerged as important players in platelet function and the biology of blood vessels.Two of those enzymes, MMP-1 and MMP-2 can actually encourage platelet activation early in the clotting process. If treatments were aimed at blocking the MMP1-PAR1 pathway, a new way of treating patients with acute coronary syndromes may be developed. The advantages of such treatments, the researchers predict, would be that an MMP-1 inhibitor might be better tolerated especially since careful balance between the risk of dangerous blood clots and the risk of bleeding moldiness be kept in mind.Works Cited Genova, Cathleen. How Life-Threatening Blood Clots Take strike. Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intrnational Ltd. Accessed 23 April 2009 http//www. medicalnewsto-day. com/articles/146508. php ARTICLE http//www. medicalnewstoday. com/articles/146508. php How Life-Threatening Blood Clots Take Hold Article Date 18 Apr 2009 000 PDT When plaques coating blood vessel walls rupture and expose collagen, platelets spring into action to form a blood clot at the damaged site.Now, a new report in the April 17th issue of the journal Cell, a Cell Press publication, reveals how those life-threatening clots a trail cause of death in the United States, Europe and other industrialized countries get an early grip. The discovery might offer a new way to fight clot formation before it can even begin, according to the researchers. Compared to other diseases, blood clotting has been very well understood, said Athan Kuliopulos of Tufts Medical focus on and Tufts University School of Medicine.Nevertheless, he continued, many people still suffer from heart attacks, ischemic stroke and death as a result of clot formation. Drugs designed to inhibit clots through known pathways are widely u sed by millions. They work well, but not perfectly. There is still an unmet need. Those drugs include aspirin and the alleged(prenominal) thienopyridines, including Clopidogrel (trade name Plavix). Scientists have known that a protein called thrombin plays an important role in clot formation as a potent activator of platelets. It also cuts fibrinogen into fibrin, a fibrous protein that works together with platelets to form a clot.But thrombin isnt the whole story. Enzymes known as matrix metalloproteases have recently emerged as important players in platelet function and the biology of blood vessels. Two of those enzymes, MMP-1 and MMP-2 can actually encourage platelet activation, according to earlier studies, although the means were unknown. In cancer cells too, MMP-1 activates a receptor known as PAR1 the same receptor that is also responsible for receiving the thrombin signal on human platelets. There is abundant proMMP-1 coating platelets, Kuliopulos said.We thought by chance it was on the outside waiting to be activated by something. Maybe it could be involved in an early event in blood clotting, before thrombin is around. Indeed, Kuliopulos team has now connected those dots. They show that exposure of platelets to collagen activates MMP-1, which in turn directly cut PAR1 on the surface of platelets. Collagen is the first thing a platelet sees when a blood vessel ruptures or is cut. The MMP-1-PAR1 pathway activates another set of molecular players known to be involved in early clot formation, he said.Those activated platelets change their shape, sending out spikes and membrane sheets. Within seconds, they become more sticky, adhering to the vessel surface and then other platelets. Moreover, they show that treatments that block the MMP1-PAR1 pathway prevent blood clots from forming in the presence of collagen, suggesting that drugs targeting this metalloprotease-receptor system could offer a new way to treat patients with acute coronary syndromes. Acco rding to the new results, PAR1 inhibitors already being tested in clinical trials might have an added benefit, Kuliopulos said.Its also possible they might work a little too well, since there is a careful balance between the risk of dangerous blood clots and the risk of bleeding. An MMP-1 inhibitor might be better tolerated, he said. The researchers include Vishal Trivedi, Adrienne Boire, Boris Tchernychev, Nicole C. Kaneider, Andrew J. Leger, Katie OCallaghan, Lidija Covic, and Athan Kuliopulos, of Tufts University School of Medicine, Molecular Oncology query Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA. Source Cathleen Genova Cell Press

Greek Mythology and Religion Essay Example for Free

classic Mythology and Religion EssayMythology is the study and interpretation of myth and the body of myths of a situation rageure. Myth is a complex cultural phenomenon that can be approached from a number of viewpoints. In general, myth is a narrative that describes and portrays in exemplary language the origin of the prefatory elements and assumptions of a culture. Mythic narrative relates, for example, how the world began, how valets and animals were created, and how certain customs, gestures, or forms of human activities originated. Almost all cultures possess or at one time possessed and lived in terms of myths. Myths differ from fairy tales in that they refer to a time that is different from ordinary. The time chronological succession of myth is extraordinary- an separate time the time before the conventional world came into being. Because myths refer to an extraordinary time and place and to matinee idols and other supernatural beings and processes, they have nor mally been seen as aspects of religion. Because of the inclusive nature of myth, however, it can illustrate many aspects of individual and cultural life.Meaning and interpretationFrom the beginnings of Western culture, myth has presented a problem of meaning and interpretation, and a history of contr oversy has gathered about both the value and the status of mythology. Myth, History, and ReasonIn the Greek heritage of the West, myth or mythos has always been in tension with tenableness or logos, which signified the sensible and analytic mode of arriving at a true account of reality. The Greek philosophers Xenophanes, Plato, and Aristotle, for example, exalted reason and made sarcastic criticisms of myth as a proper way of knowing reality.The distinctions between reason and myth and between myth and history, although essential, were never quite absolute. Aristotle concluded that in nigh of the early Greek creation myths, logos and mythos overlapped. Plato used myths as metaphors a nd also as literary devices in developing an argument. Western Mythical TraditionsThe debate over whether myth, reason, or history best expresses the meaning of the reality of the gods, humans, and nature has continued in Western culture as a legacy from its earliest traditions. Among these traditions were the myths of the Greeks. take and assimilated by the Romans, they furnished literary, philosophical, and artistic inspiration to such later periods as the Renaissance and the romantic era. The pagan tribes of Europe furnished another body of tradition. aft(prenominal) these tribes became part of Christendom, elements of their mythologies persisted as the folkloric substratum of various European cultures. Greek religion and mythology be supernatural beliefs and ritual observances of the ancient Greeks, commonly related to a fathom and contradictory body of stories and legends.The most notable features of this religion were many gods having different personalities having human fo rm and feelings, the absence of any established religious rules or commanding revelation such as, for example, the Bible, the strong use of rituals, and the government almost completely subordinating the populations religious beliefs. Apart from the mystery cults, most of the early religions in Greece are not solemn or serious in nature nor do they contain the concepts of fanaticism or mystical inspiration, which were Asian beliefs and did not appear until the Hellenistical period (about 323-146 B.C. ).At its first appearance in classical literature, Greek mythology had already received its definitive form. Some divinities were either introduced or developed to a greater extent fully at a later date, but in Homers Iliad and Odyssey the major Olympian gods appear in substantially the forms they retained until paganism ceased to exist. Homer usually is considered responsible for the highly developed personifications of the gods and the comparative rationalism that characterized Gre ek religious thought.In general Greek gods were divided into those of heaven, earth, and sea frequently, however, the gods governing the earth and sea constituted a single category. Principal DivinitiesThe celestial gods were thought to dwell in the sky or on Mount Olympus in Thessaly. The Earth, or infernal (Gr. chtho n, earth), deities were thought to dwell on or under the earth, and were closely associated with the heroes and the dead. The lines separating these inspired orders were indefinite, and the deities of one order were often found in another.The gods were held to be immortal insofar they were also believed to have had a beginning. They were represented as exercising control over the world and the forces of nature. Ananke, the personification of necessity, however, limited this control, to which even the gods bowed. At the head of the divine hierarchy was Zeus, the spiritual father of gods and men. His wife was Hera, queen of heaven and guardian of the sanctity of mar riage.Associated with them as the gaffer divinities of heaven were Hephaestus, god of fire and the patron of metalworkers Athena, the perfect(a) goddess of wisdom and war, preeminent as a civic goddess Apollo, deity of light, poetry, and music, and his sister Artemis, goddess of wildlife and, later, of the moon Ares, god of war, and his consort, Aphrodite, goddess of love Hermes, the divine messenger, later, god of science and invention and Hestia, goddess of the dwelling and home.Around these greater gods and goddesses were grouped a host of lesser deities, some of whom enjoyed particular distinction in certain localities. Among them were Helios, the sun Selene, the moon (before Artemis came into existence) the attendants of the Olympians, such as the Graces the Muses Iris, goddess of the rainbow Hebe, goddess of youth and cupbearer of the gods and Ganymede, the male counterpart of Hebe. Poseidon, the worship of whom was often accompanied by worship of his wife, Amphitrite, rule d the sea.Attending the sea gods were the Nereids, Tritons, and other minor sea deities. The chief earth deities were Hades, ruler of the underworld, and his wife, Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. Demeter herself was usually considered an Olympian, but since she was associated with producing grain and the knowledge of agriculture she was more closely connected with the earth. Another Olympian whose functions were likewise of an terrestrial character was Dionysus, god of the grape and of wine.He was accompanied by satyrs, the horsetailed sylvan demigods Sileni, the plump, bald vintage deities and maenads, nymphs who celebrated the orgiastic rites of Dionysus. Also among the more important divinities of the Greek pantheon were Gaea, the earth mother Asclepius, the god of healing and Pan, the great Arcadian god of flocks, past tenseures, and forests. Invocation of the GodsThe ancient Greeks had a strong sense of weakness before the luxuriant and terrifying powers of nature, and they acknowledged their dependence on the divine beings whom they believed those powers to be controlled.In general, the relations between gods and mortals were cordial, divine wrath being reserved for those who transgressed the limits assigned to human activities and who, by being proud, ambitious, or even by being too prosperous, provoked divine displeasure and brought upon themselves Nemesis, the personification of revengeful justice. The saying of the historian Herodotus, The god suffers none but himself to be proud sums up the main philosophy that influences all of classical Greek literature.The sense of human limitation was a basic feature of Greek religion the gods, the sole source of the good or bad that fell upon mortals, were approached only by making sacrifices and giving thanks for past blessings or pleading for future favors. In front of many a street door stood a stone for Apollo Agyieus (Apollo of the Thoroughfare) in the courtyard was placed the altar of Zeus Herke ios (Zeus as the patron of family ties) at the hearth Hestia was worshiped and bedchamber, kitchen, and storeroom each had its appropriate god.From birth to death the ancient Greek invoked the gods on every memorable occasion. Because the very existence of the government was believed to depend on divine favor, celebrations for the gods were held regularly under the supervision of high officials. Public gratitude was expressed for being unexpectedly delivered from evil happenings or for being unusually prosperous. Organization and BeliefsDespite its central position in both private and public life, Greek religion was notably lacking in an organized professional priesthood.At the sites of the mysteries, as at Eleusis, and the oracles, as at Delphi, the priests exercised great authority, but usually they were merely official representatives of the community, chosen as other officers were, or sometimes permitted to buy their position. Even when the office was hereditary or confined to a certain family, it was not regarded as conferring upon its possessor any particular knowledge of the will of the gods or any special power to constrain them.The Greeks saw no need for an intermediary between themselves and their gods. Greek ideas about the intelligence and the afterlife were indefinite, but it was apparently the popular belief that the soul survived the body. It either hovered about the tomb or departed to a region where it led a sad existence needing the offerings brought by relatives. The disembodied soul was also presumed to have the power of inflicting injury on the living, and proper funeral rites were held to ensure the peace and goodwill of the deceased. at bottom the framework of Greek worship of many gods are traces of the belief that all natural objects are endowed with spirits. Fetishism, the belief in the magical efficacy of objects industrious as talismans against evil, was another feature of early Greek religion. Examples of fetishes are the sacred s tones, sometimes regarded as images of specific deities, such as the pyramidal Zeus at Phlius or the rough stones called the Graces at the ruined city of Orchomenus in Boeotia.OriginsAncient Greek religion hasbeen the subject of speculation and query from classic times to the present. Herodotus believed that the rites of many of the gods had been derived from the Egyptians. Prodicus of Ceos (5th cent. B. C. ), a Sophist philosopher, seems to have taught that the gods were simply personifications of natural phenomena, such as the sun, moon, winds, and water. Euhemerus (370? -298 B. C. ), a historian of myths believed, and many other shared this belief, that myths were the distortions of history and that gods were the idealized heroes of the past.Modern etymology and anthropology research produced the theory that Greek religion resulted from a combination of Indo-European beliefs and ideas and customs native to the Mediterranean countries since the original inhabitants of those lands were conquered by Indo-European invaders. The basic elements of classical Greek religion were, in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, somewhat modified and supplemented by the influences of philosophy, Middle Eastern cults, and changes in popular belief (as shown, for instance, in the rise of the cult of Fortune, or Tyche).The main outlines of the official religion, however, remained unchanged. BibliographyAncient Myths, by Norma Lorre Goodrich Meridian Books (July 1994)The Greek Gods, by Bernard Evslin (August 1995)Greek Myths, by Olivia E. Coolidge (December 1949) Greek and Egyptian Mythologies, by Yves Bonnefoy (November 1992) Gods and Heroes Story of Greek Mythology, by Michael Foss (September 1995) squinch and Wagnalls, New EncyclopediaMultipedia CD-ROM for windows.

The Mauritius Institute Of Education On Teachers Education Essay

The Mauritius Institute Of Education On Teachers Education EssayEducation has forever and a day been among the efflorescence priorities of every government into power. In Mauritius, education was decl ard free after the country gained independence from the British in 1968. Since then, every child of the country had the opportunity to go to develop and learn. after(prenominal) the ratiocination of free schooling, the government found the inquire to train sufficient teachers to buy the farm in the schools in regions where there were growing demands. Such training origin is still being delivered by the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE), which equip the future teachers with the necessary skills to deliver a quality service.From the beginning of the 21st century some(prenominal) wildness is put on the quality of teaching and circumspection in schools as it has been proven that schools with strong good principleal managing members outperformed oppositewise schools in th e academic results. It has always been said that Discipline is the key to success those schools realised it through hard and structured work and achieved the best results. Discipline is not meant for pupils only and applies for teachers and even top management of the schools. Certain schools even redact codes of conduct for their teachers to abide too which put forward a clear line of conduct expected from the teachers. These codes of conduct are simply ethics of care, jurist, critique, business and community put into phrases which demonstrate the expected behaviour of top management and teachers of the schools.Review of LiteratureThe significance of school management and leadinghipThere is great concern in educational leadership in the early part of the 21st century. Since people believe that the quality of leadership makes a significant difference to school and student outcomes. In many parts of the world, there is recognition that schools require effective leaders and manag ers if they are to provide the best possible education for their learners. As the global economy gathers pace, more governments are realising that their main assets are their people and that remaining, or becoming, competitive depends increasingly on the development of a highly skilled workforce. This requires trained and committed teachers but they, in turn, need the leadership of highly effective principals and the support of other old and middle managers (Bush, in press).The passage of deciding on the aims of the organization is at the heart of educational management. In most schools, aims are decided by the principal, a lot working in association with the senior management team and perhaps also with the school governing body. However, school aims are strongly influenced by pressures from the immaterial environment, and particularly from the expectations of government, often expressed through legislation or formal policy statements. tames may be left with the residual task of interpreting external imperatives rather than determining aims on the basis of their throw assessment of learner needs. The key issue here is the extent to which school managers are able to neuter government policy and develop alternative approaches establish on school-level look upons and vision. (Bush 20031-2).Distinction between school management and leadershipThe concept of management overlaps with that of leadership, a notion of great contemporary interest in most countries in the developed world. However, despite these developments management remains the dominant term in the believe more or less aspects of school organisation.Cuban (1988) provides one of the clearest distinctions between leadership and management. He links leadership with change while management is seen as a caution activity. He also stresses the importance of both dimensions of organisational activityBy leadership, I mean influencing others actions in achieving desirable ends. Leaders are people who shape the goals, motivations, and actions of others. often they initiate change to reach existing and new goals Leadership takes much ingenuity, energy and skill.Managing is maintaining efficiently and effectively current organisational arrangements. While managing swell up often exhibits leadership skills, the overall function is toward maintenance rather than change. I prize both managing and leading and attach no special value to either since different settings and multiplication call for varied responses.Day et al.s (2001) study of twelve effective schools leads to the discussion of several dilemmas in school leadership. One of these relates to management, which is linked to systems and paper, and leadership, which is perceived to be about the development of people. Bush (1998 2003) links leadership to values or purpose while management relates to implementation or technical issues.Leadership and management need to be given equal prominence if schools are to operate effecti vely and achieve their objectives. Leading and managing are distinct, but both are important The repugn of modern organizations requires the objective perspective of the manager as well as the flashes of vision and commitment wise leadership provides (Bolman Deal, 1997).Leithwood et al. (1999) make the important point that, in practice, principals in their day-to-day work are rarely aware of whether they are leading or managing they are simply carrying out their work on behalf of the school and its learners. However, the nature of that work should reflect the school context and, in particular, its needs at any one time. Underperforming schools may require a greater emphasis on basic management, making the organization functional, rather than a visionary approach. This may involve ensuring regular and timely attendance by learners and educators, maintaining order and sphere in classrooms, and proving adequate resources to enable learning to take place. Once schools are functional , leaders can progress to developing vision, and outlining clear aims and policies, with the confidence that systems are in place to secure their implementation.Models of educational leadership and managementTheories of educational management for over 20 years (Bush, 1986 1995 2003) have been presented and classified into cardinal major models formal, collegial, political, subjective, ambiguity, and pagan (see dining table 1).More recently, the author of these theories has reviewed concepts of educational leadership, notably in work undertaken for the English National College for School Leadership (Bush Glover, 2002). The literature on leadership has generated a number of alternative, and competing, models. Some writers have sought to cluster these various conceptions into a number of broad themes or types. The best known of these typologies is that by Leithwood, Jantzi and Steinbach (1999), who identified six models from their scrutiny of 121 articles in four international jou rnals. Bush and Glover (2002) extended this typology to eight models. These are among the nine leadership models shown in Table 1, alongside the management models mentioned earlier.Table Typology of management and leadership models (Bush, 2003)Management modelLeadership modelFormalCollegialPoliticalSubjectiveAmbiguityCulturalManagerialParticipativeTransformationalInterpersonalTransactionalPost-modern incidentMoralInstructionalEthicsEthics refer to accepted norms and standards set by people sum uping them as good practices that one must follow in ground of behaviour and action. Ethics are frequently interchanged with other words such as values, exampleity, norms, principles and beliefs.According to Fraenkel (1973 49), values represent everything that people regard as important in life. They represent ideas on what is good, beautiful, effective and appropriate, . and therefore worth having, worth doing, or worth striving to attain.Ethics and ValuesEthical modelling for educationT he literature provides ve major paradigms used to analyse ethics and estimable dilemmas.Ethic of JusticeThe first type of ethic is the ethic of justice. This ethic often provides a basis for legal principles and ideals. Here, one may ask questions related to the rule of law and the more abstract concepts of fairness, equity and justice. Starratt (1994) characterizes this ethic as originating in two schools of thought, one focusing on the individual as central and the other stressing society as its key component. The former generally involves the concept of sociable contract where the individual gives up certain rights for the good of society it includes the work of earlier philosophers including Hobbes and Kant and more contemporary scholars such as Lawrence Kohlberg and John Rawls. The latter conceptualizes justice as emerging from communal understandings (Starratt, 1994, p. 50). Also writing within this paradigm is Kenneth Strike, a scholar who focuses on justice and its inuence on educational decision making by stressing concepts such as maximum benets and its relationship to respect for individual needs (Strike et al., 1998).Ethic of careSecond is an ethic of care. Out of the ethic of justice, the ethic of care shifts the emphasis on rights and laws to compassion and empathy. When the ethic of care is valued, school leaders emphasize relationships and connections in the decision-making process, rather than techniques and rules associated with a hierarchical approach. Noddings (2003) work is central to this ethic as are the writings of contemporary scholars including Gilligan (1982) who challenged Kohlbergs (1981) model of ethical decision making as relates to women and Sernak (1998) who contends that school leaders must equaliser power with caring.Ethic of CritiqueCritique is the third ethic. Firmly rooted in critical theory, the ethic of critique seeks to challenge the status quo and give vocalise to the marginalized sectors of society. Under the ethic of critique, theorists such as Apple (2000, 2001, 2003), Capper (1993), Foster (1986) and Giroux (1991, 2000, 2003), among others, ask us to not only rethink laws and justice, but also consider other concepts such as privilege, power, culture and language.Here, one might question who makes the laws, who benets from them, and how they apply to a variety of different people. Grogan (2003) and Marshall et al. (1989) join the ranks of these contemporary scholars who urge educators to consider issues of social justice in their ethical decision making.Ethic of the professionThe ethic of the profession (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001) calls for school leaders to consider professional and personal ethical principles and codes, as well as standards of the profession and individual professional codes to create a dynamic model that places the best interests of the student as central. This paradigm considers the other frameworks as well as issues such as what the profession expects, what happens when personal and professional ethics clash, and how community inuences educators ethical decision making. This paradigm of the profession moves beyond a multi-paradigmatic approach and strives to consider moral aspects unique to the profession and the questions that arise as educational leaders become more aware of their own personal and professional codes of ethics (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, p. 18). As Walker (1998, p. 300) points out The well-considered shibboleth that the best interests of children will be taken to override conicting interests may be considered both a safe and essential grounds for educational decision making.Ethic of the CommunityFurman (2003) proposes a fth ethic for educational leaders that of community. Furman (2004) explicates this ethical specialty in an article appearing in this issue of the Journal of Educational Administration. For Furman, community becomes the context within which the other ethical postures are applied as school leaders make dec isions in an ever-changing environment. She denes the ethic of community as the moral responsibility of educators to engage in communal processes. Here, the communal, rather than the individual, is the major focus of schools moral agency. This ethic is very different from Sergiovanni (1994) who views community as an entity and Shapiro and Stefkovich (2001) who see community in relation to the individual.Each of these ve paradigms is important to educational leaders who are asked to make ethical decisions. By considering the paradigms as complementary parts of a whole, the school leader has access to a more advanced set of tools for decision making.Ethics in School Management and LeadershipFor a better understanding of the impact of ethics in school management and leadership, a framework would be much appropriate. In their book, Ethical Leadership and Decision Making in Education, Shapiro and Stefkovich (2001) propose a framework for responding to ethical dilemmas.Ethical paradigms b ased on models of justice, caring, and critique are merged into a fourth paradigm, that of the profession. At the centre of this conceptualization is the best interests of the student. Educators have often used this concept to prune important moral and ethical decisions therefore it seems apt that this concept would lie at the heart of a professional paradigm.Application of Ethics in School Management and LeadershipThe point that school administrative decision making requires more than the mechanical application of existing rules, regulations and various levels of school and school-related policy has been well established (Hoy and Miskel, 2005). The essential aspects of school leadership are more than simply possessing and carrying out certain technical skills to ensure effective and efcient management of organizational operations (Sergiovanni, 2009). The emphasis and preoccupation with bureaucratic scientism and management perspectives has given way to the importance of value, mor al, and ethical bases for educational leadership decision making. There is an increasing recognition that putatively value free administrative decisions and actions are actually value-laden, even value-saturated enterprises(s) (Hodgkinson, 1978, p.122) that undergird our understanding of what Greeneld (1985, 1999), and others (Green, 1990) have articulated in more precise terms as the careful location of purpose and worth in things, or in other words moral education and moral leadership. This recognition of value-driven, moral leadership action, according to Hodgkinson (1978), is an administrative logic of a new order.The Ethic of the Profession and the Model for Promoting Students Best Interests (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, 2005 Stefkovich, 2006), recognizes moral aspects unique to the profession that are earlier client-based and highlights the inevitable internal struggle experienced by school leaders due to a wide variety of considerations and factors that seek to inform and i nuence their moral practice as school leaders. This existential struggle can be characterized as a phenomenon of intrapersonal moral discord experienced as part of the process of deciding ethically when faced with difcult moral choices centered on personal versus organizational and/or professional value discrepancy, described as a clashing of codes within the framework. The professional ethic recognizes moral aspects unique to the profession of educational leadership and grounds the moral dimension of the profession on the monothetic direction to serve the best interests of the student (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001, p.23) whereby promoting the success of all students (ISLLC, 1996, p. 8) by focusing on the needs of children (Walker, 1998).

Performance Analysis of Reusable Software Systems

capital punishment Analysis of Reusable Softw atomic number 18 SystemsMonika KalotraDr. Kuljit KaurAbstract To improve the quality of bundle system, there is a need to eliminate or shorten the rework. bundle employ is one of the issue proposed for it. Software re consumption involves reuse of existing software system modules, also called reclaimable software components, while creating new software systems. In the context of software reuse, it is important to evaluate the carrying out of useful software components as performance is a crucial factor in the excerption of any third party or existing software components. This writing shows a comparative study on the performance abstract of four reclaimable software components-hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. This paper presents the foc employ to arm a comparative analysis that shows the ordinary exercise quantify, average heap usage, and average central processor function of the utile software components usi ng java found VisualVM tool.Keywords Performance, Software Reusability, java framework, CBSD.I. INTRODUCTIONIn 1968, to overcome the software crisis Mcllroy proposed the concept of software 1. To build large sure software systems in a controlled and cost effective way, he pointed towards the effective use of reusable software components 2. The results of software reuse to improve the productivity of the programmer because with the reuse we can produce high quality software at a minimum cost and deliver it within a short frustrate of clipping 6. Reuse software is of better quality than new software because it has been already tried and tested in other systems. There are two begines for reuse of code prepare the code with reuse or develop the code for reuse. In either case, there is a need of measuring the quality of the reusable piece of software 8. The reuse of program/software is a common technique which attempts to save time and cost by reducing duplicate work.This paper pr esents a comparative study on the performance of four reusable software components hibernate, spring, IBatis, EclipseLink. These are Object Relational Mapping bowd framework. They can be apply in developing a coffee tree employment. These components use the java classes to relational tables in database with the help of SQL queries. Several SQL queries are executed on these components at the backend. In order to measure the execution time, CPU utilization of every executed SQL doubt, performance benchmarks are apply. We make a analogy between these reusable components using java VisualVM tool.II. RELATED WORKTo evaluate software reusability two approaches are used qualitative and empirical 11. The qualitative methods require significantly manual efforts and depend on a subjective value. Empirical methods depend on the objective data that can be collected with the help of some pretense tool.The performance metrics of component based systems, which are the challenging proper ties to predict and measure 4. They have performed three case studies on performance analysis of real-time systems using Deep Compass framework. For performance analysis, software toolkit called CARAT is used for mannequin synthesis and simulation.The performance of prediction methods based on models that support a development process from top to bottom, where developers create a new architecture and software components 3. These methods rarely integrating existing components in the software architecture models. charm there are legion(predicate) tools for performance measurement and profiling existing software components cannot be directly tested the performance when integrated into a model.A systematic approach proposed to software reuse are built to reuse and build by recycling 5. The problems in software engineering is not a lack of reuse, hardly a lack of systematic reuse. They know how to do, but they do it informally. The concept of reuse is used to reduce the cost, effort and execution time for software development. Re also raises the productivity, maintainability and reliability of the software, which has been evaluated before in other software. Reusable software components framework is proposed. Empirical observations was made by applying the framework to the preserve system C. The result clearly shows that the proposed framework to reduce the work of software developers, who needed a bit of effort to build reuse or build by recycling.The most complex components in the software development process is the database. The performance analysis of persistence framework explained in 15. The complexity increases when the perspective differs of the interacting components. The performance comparison of two persistence frameworks namely hole up and IBatis using a banking database. Both the framework maps umberBeans to SQL statements using a XML descriptor. The online banking application case study is used. Performance is measured using a java program whic h uses basic SQL operations on the banking database and the Round Trip Time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under variant situations. The performance of both of these tools in single and multi-substance abuser environments are evaluated. Hibernate performs better because it supports lazy fetching and mapping associations.To develop the performance of software applications is a major problem in software applications. The solution is to avoid the assessment of late performance 10. A prediction approach to provide the best solution to solve the problem. Three types of approaches to performance prediction used to know the measurement approach, the approach based on a model and a mixed approach. The main goal is to improve the performance of the software. Steffen and Ralf reported five factors that impact the performance of software component is the implementation components, resource conflicts, use patterns, platform deployment and required service s. Quantitative approaches related to the objectives of the performance engineering of software to evaluate the software, which by focusing on quality factors of performance such as response time and throughput. In the end result, the hybrid approach is the best approach.III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYA. Data CollectionTo meditate the performance of reusable software components, we have down oppressed some jar files relevant to these reusable software components. A Java application can be started with a set of jar files. For implementing various libraries and plug-ins in java applications these jar files are used. The various jar files being used are mysql-connector-java, hibernate-core, hibernate-validator, jboss-logging-3.1.3.ga-sources, javassist, org.springframework, org.springframework.Expression, ibatis-dao, ibatis.jar, javassist, IBatis-common and eclipselink.B. Performance MetricsVisualVM is a tool that provides interface for consider detailed information about Java based applic ations 7. VisualVM organizes data about the JVM software and presents the information that enables the developer to quickly view data on multiple Java applications. Java VisualVM can be used by Java application developers to monitor and improve java applications performance.There are four metrics used to analyze the performance of reusable software components.a). CPU Utilization Using this metric, you can see how much of CPU is being consumed by database activities. CPU utilization is used to track CPU performance when running a specific piece of code. It is measured in %.b). Total Classes loaded VisualVM counts the total number of classes loaded for any java application.c). Heap used It shows how much of the heap is currently used by a java application. It is measured in MB.d). Threads Athreadis a programs path of execution. Two types of thread are used live thread and daemon thread.i. Live Thread also called used thread. User thread are threads created by programmer.ii. Daemon Th reads are called service provider threads and run parallel to your code. When Java Virtual Machine finds no user threads all daemon thread terminate immediately.Some reusable Software Components are used to analyze the performance and make a comparison between them.A. HibernateIn 2001, Hibernate was developed by Gavin King. Hibernate is a tool for object-relational mapping. Object-relational mapping is a programming method for mapping Java objects to relational model where Java classes are mapped to tables 6 database. This is an dedicate source persistent framework. There is a persistence framework powerful high performance and dubiousness service for Java application. Hibernate fills the gap and establish a connection between a Java application and a database. Hibernate uses the OO approach based on Java and binds known as POJO (plain old java objects) into a single object and table cards in a database java classes 14.B. resileSpring is a free and open source framework that offe rs many features for developers. It was jointly developed by Rod Johnson and Juergen Hoeller in June 2003 is also a base ORM framework. Spring Framework aims to make application development enterprise Java easier to use and promote good programming by allowing a POJO-based programming model. serious features are the Inversion of Control, AOP and Spring MVC 12. Spring Framework allows us to manage the relationships between different parts of the project to loose coupling between modules.C. IBatisThis is an open source Java-based framework for ORM mapping data. In 2001, IBatis developed by Clinton Begin. IBATIS is a persistence framework that allows the mapping between SQL databases and Java objects. Mappings are separated from the application logic by wrapping SQL statements in XML configuration files. IBATIS is a lightweight frame. IBatis mapping parameters and results between class properties and the columns of the database table 9.D. EclipseLinkThe EclipseLink provides object rel ational persistence solution with additional features for developers. EclipseLink is also a focused framework for ORM progressed and provides support for relational databases. EclipseLink is a source object persistence and transformation of the open object framework. It provides execution capabilities that reduce development efforts and maintenance of an application. The software provides an extensible framework that allows developers to interact with many data services 13.IV. RESULTSA. Simulation EnvironmentPerformance of Hibernate, Spring, EclipseLink and IBatis is measured using a java simulation tool. These four reusable software components perform basic SQL operations on the medicine database and the execution time is calculated and used to measure the way these mapping tools perform under various situations. The aim is to get the time from generation of SQL to querying music database and then getting back the data. The conditions were the equal for all these components. The e xecution time of application is computed by applying select, insert database operations on these four reusable software components. For this purpose, a set of SQL queries is executed against music database. The performance of Hibernate, Spring, IBatis and EclipseLink is monitored under multi user environment because java supports multithreading environment.The tests were conducted in the following environmentOperating system Microsoft Windows 7,Processor Intel Core 2 Duo Processor, retrospection 2GB.To monitor a java application, the parameters that we have used are CPU Utilization, Classes loaded, No. of Threads executed and Heap used by reusable software component. The experimental results of these software components are represented using graphical charts.In this we have considered select and insert sql queries as two benchmarks. For the first Select benchmark we have used these SQL queries areTABLE 1. For Select QueryThese SQL select queries are executed at the backend in the d atabase. When we run these queries it shows how much CPU is utilized, how many classes are loaded, how much heap is used and how much time it takes to execute the java application. According to the average graphs, it is clear that IBatis perform better for select query because its development time is less(prenominal) as compared to other components. IBatis is a data mapper i.e. it maps results sets to the object in java application while other components map the columns of database tables with the java classes. IBatis makes use of SQL which is database dependent. According to the graphs, IBatis has less average CPU utilization, less execution time and consumes less heap because stored procedures are used. A stored procedures is a radical of SQL statements that created and stored on database. The stored procedures improved the heap usage and improve the performance of application. IBatis loaded less no. of classes because of lazy loading and another reason is multiple threads are exe cuted simultaneously. The insignificant code is reduced to access a database. The results of select query benchmarks are shown in fig1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.Fig 1. Execution timeFig 2 Average Heap UsedFig 3 Total no. Classes loadedFig 4 No. of Threads put to deathFig 5 CPU usageThe insertion operation is regarded as the second benchmark. The insert operation is used to insert one or to a greater extent rows in a database table. The first command of language data manipulation performed immediately after the creation of this table is the insertion expression. For the second Insert benchmark we have used these SQL queriesTABLE 2. For Insert QueryAccording to the average graphs, the Charts shown that IBatis performs better for insert benchmark. The average execution time is large, maximum heap is used because multiple records are inserted in to database tables. The only operation in which spring consumes more time is for the insert operation. The number of threads executed to run a java appl ication in IBatis is less than hibernate because we dont have to create the separate session for threads to insert objects into the database. The sessions in IBatis arouse the performance by reducing the number of times the application needs to access the data. In this case, larger number of classes are loaded in EclipseLink than IBatis but lesser than hibernate. EclipseLink consumes more CPU with respect to the other components. For every insert operations so much effort was necessary on querying, IBatis handles this query in a better way. The results of insert query benchmarks are shown in fig 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.Fig 6 Execution timeFig 7 CPU utilizationFig 8 Heap Used.Fig 9 No. of Threads Executed.Fig 10. Number of classes loadedV. CONCLUSIONThis paper presents the comparative analysis of four reusable software components namely hibernate, spring, IBatis and EclipseLink. Reusability allows us to use existing software system rather than building them from scratch. Three performance benchmarks namely SELECT, insert and JOIN queries are used in order to measure the performance of reusable software components. These benchmarks were applied on these four reusable software components to analyze their performance and to make a comparison among them. The performance was analyzed using these performance metrics such as CPU utilization, heap Used, number of threads executed, execution time and number of classes loaded with the help of VisualVM. According to our results in SELECT and INSERT queries, IBatis showed outstanding results as compared to other reusable components because it uses less average CPU utilization because of multithreading. IBatis consumes less heap because caching in IBatis improves the performance by caching all the results in the mapping statement and reducing the unnecessary trips to the database. IBatis loaded less number of classes because IBatis is a light weight component.REFERENCES1. McIlroy, Doug, Mass Produced Software Components Softwar e Engineering Concepts and Techniques Proceedings of the NATO Conferences, J.M. Buxton, P. Naur, and B. Randell, eds., Petrocelli/Charter, 1969.2. Johannes Sametinger, Software Engineering with Reusable Components, ACM Computing Surveys, ISBN 3-540-62695-6, 1997.3. Simonetta Balsamo, Antinisca Di Marco, Paola Inverardi, and Marta Simeoni. Model-Based Performance soothsaying in Software Development A Survey, Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume 30, Issue 5 ISSN 0098-5589,pp-223-228, 20044. V. Grassi, R. Mirandola, and A. Sabetta, A Model Transformation approaching for the Early Performance and Reliability Analysis of Component-Based Systems, Proc. In CBSE 6th joint meeting of the European software engineering conference and the ACM SIGSOFT, ISBN 978-1-4503-2237-9, 2006.5. Anas Bassam AL-Badareen, Mohd Hasan Selamat and Sherzod Turaev, Reusable Software Components Framework, International conference on Advances in Communications, Computers, Systems and Devices, ISBN 978 -960-474-250-9, 2008.6. Jiya Jiang , Yu Liu, The Construction of E-Business Portal Based on Struts, Spring and Hibernate, IEEE International Conference on uphill Technologies, 2009.7. VisualVM tool accessed from http//publib.boulder.ibm.com/html/as400/v4r5/ic2924/index.htm?info/rzaihh.htm, 2009.8. Dantas, F., Garcia, A. Software Reuse versus Stability Evaluating Advanced Programming Techniques, Proc. SBES10, Brazil, 2010.9. Zhiyu Zhou and Zhiang Chen, Performance Evaluation of Transparent Persistence Layer in Java Applications, IEEE proceedings International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery ISBN 978-1-4244-8434-8, 2010.10. Adil Ali Abdelaziz, Wan M.N. Wan Kadir and Addin Osman, Comparative Analysis of Software Performance prognostication Approaches in Context of Component-based System, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 23 No.3, June 2011.11 Anupama Kaur, Himanshu Monga, Mnupreet Kaur, Performance Evaluation o f Reusable Software Components, International Journal of emergent Technology and Advanced Engineering ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2012.12. Ankur Bawiskar, Vinayak Kankate, Integration of Struts, Spring and Hibernate for an University Management Sys, International Journal of Emerging Tech and Advanced Engineering, 2012.13 EclipseLink accessed from http//www.eclipse.org/eclipselinkjpa_extensions.pdf, 2012.14 Hibernate accessed from http//www.tutorialspoint.com/hibernate/hibernateoverview.htm, 2012.15. S. M. Thampi and Ashwin Kumar, Performance Comparison of Persistence Frameworks, Published in Cornell University Library, Arxiv, ISSN-1653-5715, 2013.

Feminist Geographies: Applications and Theories

Feminist Geographies Applications and TheoriesModern feminism began in 1960s in the United States with the Womens Liberation Movement. This political movement subsequently spread to Europe and initially focussed on equality between men and women. Women saw themselves as subordinate and nothing more than imaginary figures, the objects of anothers desire, made real (Mackinnon, 1987) and thus tried to raise awareness of the fond unlikeness experienced by women. Social womens rightist geographics (adopting a Marxist ideology) revolved around the question of how beat out to articulate gender and class analyses, with the theorization of a sexual division of labour. Haraway (1991) thus claims a womens liberationist is one who fights for women as a class and for the disappearance of that class. From these roots rough drawing inspiration from womens movements of the 1960s, feminist geographies have developed considerably and diversely over the last 30 years and now hold, without doub t, a considerable institutional presence. This essay will overview the development and progression of feminism as a critical discourse and plead that although scholars such as Bondi, in McDowell and Sharp (eds) (1997), clamber feminism has never achieved a high profile in geography and that the potential of feminism is ignored this is NOT necessarily the case. I will argue feminist theory has shaped theory and practise in geography by raising the awareness of gender issues, helping remove blatant sexism from faculty member journals and institutions and contri furthering amplely to the cultural turn within the discipline.A huge volume of literature has amassed on feminist geographies over recent decades meaning that in the current era there are numerous feminist geographies spanning across the discipline. This is intelligibly apparent in the number of books that have been published on the topic, the makeup of the journal Gender Place and Culture in 1994 and the volume of artic les that can be found in other contemporary human, cultural and fond geography journals. Although feminist perspectives and outlooks vary in theory and content, common concerns cut across them all (Johnston et al., 2000). Developing out of the radical separatist ideas and oppositional politics associated with the global sisterhood of the 1960s and 70s, came a more theoretical outlook associated with the cultural turn. Feminism thus developed as a critical discourse. The discipline of geography itself was criticised for its inherent masculine bias and for excluding half the human from human geography (Monk and Hansen, 1982). Haraway (1991) argued that women do not appear where they should in geographical literature.However, as ruin of the cultural turn, the shift away from grand theories and a concentration on diverse and interconnecting global micro-geographies, gender was understood to interact with race and class and wherefore to understand gender, one had to constantly go beyo nd gender (Connell, in McDowell and Sharp, 1997). The massive literature on contemporary feminism thus reflects criticisms that Western feminism has played down sexual, racial and class differences. Western feminism had been strongly criticised for being ethnocentric, as it obscured or subordinated all other Others (Haraway, in McDowell and Sharp (eds) 1997). relentless women argued they were not constituted as women as white women were, but instead constituted simultaneously racially and sexually as marked female (animal, sexualised and without rights), but not a women (human, potential wife, conduit for the name of a father). This critique expanded into development studies where it was argued although cultural barriers can impede policy progress, many of these barriers may in fact have been magnified and reinforced by Western interventionist gender blind development policies, through an ignorance of local traditions (Crewe and Harrison, 1999).The further development of feminist g eographies and the drive to make women visible through geographies of women has also resulted in a large literature on feminist methodologies (Moss, 1993 Nast, 1994, Farrow, Moss and Shaw, 1995, Hodge, 1995), including experimental writing and self-reflexivity ( lift, 1997). Work by Rose (1993) criticised geographical fieldwork as being masculinity in action, using historical examples such as Tansleys (1939) Man and Nature. McDowell (1992) also exposit sexist biases in research methods, culminating in an absence of statistics about women, for example, detailing their unpaid labour (i.e. housework). In many studies there also seems to be a lack of women that were interviewed. For example, William Whytes Street Corner Society (1955), in which he seemed unaware that he had only interviewed men There has thus been an application of feminist ideas to research and fieldwork. Feminist enquiry now works for an egalitarian research process between the researcher and her subjects.A further similarity between feminist geographies is that they trace the inter-connections between all aspects of daily life, across sub-disciplinary boundaries of economic, social, political and cultural geography. From Linda McDowells extensive research on the feminist geographies of the labour force involving frosting ceilings and discrimination (McDowell, 1997), to Hoschchilds (1997) dual role women and the second shift (women having to be carers and mothers as well as career women). There has also been a huge volume of literature over recent years regarding the rise of women workers in the service industry (for example, call centres) and women as the new proletariat. Conversely, as give of this new identity politics, gender is argued by some to be a competitive advantage for women in the current workforce in price of their roles as emotional managers (Hochschild, 1983). McDowell (2001, 2004) has also recently tracked the development of a crisis of masculinity associated with the colla pse of Fordism, unemployment and a lost generation of males. Thus, it is argued by some the best man for a job is now a woman.This thorough, multi-disciplinary application of feminist geographies at a variety of different scales in various sub-fields of the discipline clearly highlight its impact in shaping modern theory and practise within geography. From its beginnings of liberal feminism and oppositional politics (1960s and 70s), feminist geography has developed through feminist Marxism involving a gender/class interface (late 70s/80s) to feminist geographies of difference (late 80s-present) as part of identity politics and the cultural turn. Feminist geography now concentrates on gendered identities within a post-structural, post-colonial, cultural theoretical framework, studying gender relations across races, ages, ethnicities, religions, sexualities and nationalities. Most recently of all, the discipline has undergone further internal-critique, life history for more intensive study of relations and equality between women themselves. It is for these reasons I believe feminist geographies have had a huge ideological impact on geographical theory and practise over recent decades and will continue to do so for years to come.ReferencesCrewe, E. and Harrison, E. (1999) Whose development? an ethnography of aid, London, St Martins Press.Farrow, H., Moss, P. and Shaw, B. (1995) Symposium of feminist participatory research, Antipode, 182, 186-211.Haraway, D. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women the reinvention of nature, London, Free Association Books.Hochschild, A.R. (1983) The Managed Heart Commercialisation of Human Feeling, University of California Press, Berkeley.Hochschild, A.R. (1997) The Time Bind When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work, Henry Holt, New York.Hodge, D. (ed) (1995), Should women seem? The role of quantitative methodology in feminist geographic research, The Professional Geographer, 47, 426-66.Johnston, R.J., Gregory, D., Pratt, G., Watts , M. (2000), The Dictionary of Human Geography, Blackwell.Mackinnon, C.A. (1987) Feminism unmodified discourses on life and law, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.McDowell, L. (1992) Defining women social institutions and gender divisions, Cambridge, Polity Press.McDowell, L. and Sharp, J. (eds) Space, gender, knowledge feminist readings (London Arnold, 1997).McDowell, L.M. (1997) Capital Culture Gender at Work in the City, Oxford, Blackwell.McDowell, L.M. (2001) Father and Ford Revisited Gender, Class and Employment qualify in the New Millennium, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26, 448-64.Monk, J. and Hansen, S. (1982) On not excluding the other half from human geography, The Professional Geographer, 32, 11-23.Moss, P. (1993) Feminism as method, The Canadian Geographer, 37, 48-61.Nast, H. (ed) (1994) Women in the field critical feminist methodologies and theoretical perspectives, The Professional Geographer, 46, 54-102.Rose, G. (1993) Feminism and Ge ography, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Rose, G. (1997) Situating knowledges positionality, reflexivities and other tactics, Progress in Human Geography, 21, 305-20.Whyte, W.F. (1955) Street Corner Society the social structure of an Italian slum, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Plagiarism and the Casual Plagiarist Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Plagiarism and the Casual Plagiarist It is a random Thursday night on the first floor of Brewster antechamber and the Campus of separate University when a frazzled young girl wanders into the room of a fellow student inquiring about The Stranger by Albert Camus. She needs to have a three page paper completed by tomorrow and cannot find a kick start on the essay writing process. Since her peers are on the level of the common doormat concerning Camus, she was left without any further help. However, had she just typed the stranger, camus into Google, three of the first ten sites listed would have directed her to either free or paid essay sites. While this student simply sat down and worked on her paper, the option to find a pre-made research paper was dangerously convenient to this time strapped student. However, it is these emotions that paper sites play up along with a general apathy towards plagiarism among students that make a stressed student deciding whether to quo te or not more inclined to go forward with the plagiaristic activity. One of the sites that the aforementioned student could have found a Camus essay on is megaessays.com. This site boasts a four page paper about freedom and death in The Stranger. However, upon signing up for the site, one must register and acquire the terms and acceptable use policy, but this policy is a separate page that is not shown when the essay abstract comes up. So, the site that claims immediate access to thousands of eminent quality papers and essays on its main page also has the following in its acceptable use policy (note the spelling of plagiarism on this website) You get it on and agree that the license granted under these terms does not pe... ...ttp//libwww.syr.edu/research/ej/index.html.Questions and Acceptable Use Policy. Megaessays.com. 19 September 2004. 2001-2004 Mega Essays LLC.School Sucks Download Your Workload (homepage) 19 September 2004. 1996-2004 School Sucks. . Schoolsucks.com. School Sucks- Info-Students. 19 September 2004. 1996-2004 School Sucks. .Rosenfeld, Jesse. Students Turned off by Turnitin. The McGill Daily. 8 September 2003. The Daily Publication Society. .Witherspoon, Abigail. This Pen for Hire. Harpers. June 1995 49-57. WilsonSelectPlus. E-Journals. State University. 19 September 2004. .

Wind Power:The Viable Fossil Fuel Alternative Essay -- Alternative Ene

As the harmful side effects of fossil fuel burning become ever more recognized, the use of clean, renewable technology becomes essential to our health, parsimoniousness and environment. Petroleum and coal emit harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming, acid rain and a host of other aliments. Equally concerning is the dependence of the economy on a finite resource such as oil. With world energy consumption rapidly rising, demand is increasing for renewable energy sources that have no significant health impact or environmental degradation. Of all these so called green energy sources, wind provide has been the most widely apply. wind power is based on the same principals as windmills used for centuries wind turbines harness rail line currents to perform work. With modern advances, wind can now be used to power cities, industries and homes. While only currently supplying a minor amount of all US electricity, wind power has the potential to supply a signi ficant amount of energy that will, unlike fossil fuels, never will be depleted or harm the environment.Wind spring TechnologyWind as EnergyWind power is actually a secondary form of solar power. The hide out receives about 1.74 x1017 kW/hour from the sun in the form of solar radiation. About 1-2% of that energy is absorbed by the air in the form of heat. Areas of the Earth closer to the sun, like the equator, receive far more sunlight than northern and southern regions, which corresponds to hotter air. The hot air then rises and drifts high into the atmosphere then natural drifts to the poles. As the Earth spins on its axis, the drifting air remains unaffected by the Earths movements. This difference in movement pattern is what causes wind air is actually staying... .../wind%20issue%20brief_FINAL.pdf13 Energy From Wind. 2012. Power Scorecard. 25 April 2014. http//www.powerscorecard.org/tech_detail.cfm?resource_id=1114 American Wind Energy Association. 2014. American Wind Energy A ssociation. 25 April 2014, http//www.awea.org15 Drew Robb. Offshore Wind Struggles to Gain Foothold in North America. Power Engineering. 8 (2002.) 11 May 2014. http//web2.infotrac-custom.com/pdfserve/get_item/1/S8726f7w3_1/SB335_01.pdf16 Lester R. Brown. Wind Power Set to Become Worlds Leading Energy Source. 2003. Earth Policy Institute. 1 May 2014, http//www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update24.htm17 Windpower.org. 2004. Danish Wind Industry Association. 25 April 2014, http//www.windpower.org/en/core.htm18 Windpower.org. 2004. Danish Wind Industry Association. 25 April 2014, http//www.windpower.org/en/core.htm