Biotechnology Importance and Application

ergonomics Importance and Application biotech ergonomics Biotechnology Seems equal this parole has become a buzz word nowa daytimes. You result hear this word from classroom to cafeterias. It can be commonly frame in naturalspapers, magazine, journals and all sorts of media outlets, which include print media to electronic media. People argon organizing huge meetings, conferences and leadshops on ergonomics, where participants come from miscellaneous arnas like science, industry, administration, social work and so on As days pass by, it seems like the way our carriage is heading, biotech will become an essential compvirtuosont of our life. The day is non far from reality, that we can non fathom our life without biotechnology. If, I have to say in simple words it can be said we wake up with biotechnology and we go to bed with biotechnology.The word biotechnology has received its immenseness and significance in last cardinal decades, which is just unprecedented. Probabil ity and possibilities butt joint this kind of attention towards biotechnology is due to its unlimited potential to avail and eudaemonia humanity. So far biotechnology has touched our life in all aspects like our solid food, health and animals. We have also noticed the grandness and potential of biotechnology towards the purifyment of our environment for a better vivification a farsighted with its capability to meet the occupy of our depleting energy reserves of fogey fuels, through Bio-fuels as all these things are becoming limited for their accessibility to ever increasing population. In simple endpointinuss our life leaps with biotechnologically demonstr fitted tooth-paste, to driving our car base on biotechnologically developed fuels and we retire for the day with bed-side medical specialty either to keep us healthy or maintain chronic disorder like diabetes to turn over our life better. Rationally, biotechnology word has been derived from two simple terms of scie nce i.e., Biology and Technology. If we try to hound these words, it simply suggests in lay-mans term that it is the technology which is making our life handy and comfortable with the employment of biological re reverseces. Question still remains, that is Biotechnology much(prenominal) a late branch of science? A real item is that biotechnology has been in practice level off long before the term Biotechnology was itself coined. It is interesting to learn and understand that how and when biotechnology evolved.Biotechnology What does it sustain to be?The term biotechnology was enforced for the first time by Karl Erkey, a Hungarian Engineer in 1919. Was it the start of biotechnology, answer is no by and by on biotechnology was defined by different scientists. As per one definition biotechnology is Application of principles of engineering and biological science to gain new products from raw materials of biological origin, e.g. vaccines or food. Or in different words it can a lso be defined as the use of living organism/s or their product/s to change or improve human health and human environment. Apart from their adept drills, biotechnological principles can be used for destruction too, the best example to beg off this is bioterrorism. Biotechnology from fiction, myth and reality can be simply tacit by watching a movie entitled as Frankstein where, a human known as Frankstein was created by a physician who became a reason for his destruction itself.Biotechnology A Basic RequirementAs we know that the technological application of biological material is considered as biotechnology. If, we requisite to understand, how does it work? Then it is essential for us to know what is the starting pull down or material for biotechnology or biotechnological applications. In general biotechnology uses either living material or biological products to create new products for use in confused pharmaceutical, medical, agricultural, environmental applications with an ultimate goal to benefit humanity e.g., Production of recombinant proteins, resistant crops, vegetables, higher milk producing animals, etc.Biotechnology and it confused stages of developmentThere are various stages of development of biotechnology to meet the various needs of humans. Its development was basically based on the observations and applications of these observations to practical scenarios. The complexity of system and growing has increased with time, which is based on the employment of improved technological advancements along with the better understanding roughwhat various life-science principles. If we take apart systemically the evolutions of biotechnology up to its current stages, it can be divided into 3 different stages or categories 1) ancient Biotechnology, 2) unpolluted Biotechnology, and 3) sophisticated Biotechnology. Some important discoveries related to biotechnology has been shown in Fig 1.Ancient Biotechnology (Pre-1800)Most of the developments in an cient period can be grouped as the discoveries or development before the years of 1800. If we study all these development, we can simply conclude that all these inventions are based on the common observation of nature, which could be put to the test for the forward motion of human life at that point of time.Food, cloth and shelter are the most important basic needs of a human being whether s/he lived in ancient period or modern-day period like nowadays. Only thing that has changed is their type and origins. Food has been an requisite need since the existence of man as well as for the existence of human being. Early man used to eat raw meat, whenever they make up a dead animal, However, during harsh weather seasons, there was a paucity of food, so as it is said necessity is the m early(a) of invention, which led to the domestication of food product which in other words can be classified as Agriculture. In ancient time human explored the possibilities to make available food b y growing them near their shelter so that the basic need of food could be met. They brought seeds of plants (mostly grains) and sowed them near his shelter, where they understood the immenseness of water, light and other requirements for optimal outgrowth of food plants. The similar principles and need also led to start domestication of different trigger-happy animals which helped them to improve their living condition and now to satisfy their hunger. They need not go for hunting as animals are available to them at closer law of proximity as well as they need not to deal with the weighty condition of hunting, too. Domestication of wild animal was the start of observation, implication and application of animal breeding. Certainly we can say that these were the initial times for the evolution of farming, which led to another need like development of methods for food preservation and storage, where they used cold caves to preserve food for long-term storage as well as evolution fo r the pots for the storage of food products in the frame of reference of leather bags, clay jars, etc.After domestication of food crops and wild animals, man moved on to other new observations like cheese, curd, etc. Certainly, cheese can be considered as one of the first civilize product (or by-product) of biotechnology, because it was prepared by adding rennet (an enzyme make up in the stomach of calves) to sour milk which is possible only by exposing milk to microbes (although this understanding was not there at that time). Yeast is one of the oldest microbes which have been exploited by humans for their benefit. Yeast has been widely used for bread making, vinegar payoff and other fermentation processes which include production of alcoholic beverages like whisky, vino and beer. Vinegar has its significant importance because of its low pH, vinegar is capable of pr yetting growth of certain microbes, and therefore, vinegar can be used successfully for food preservation. The d iscoveries and benefits of these observations led people to work on further improvement of the process. excitement was such a powerful tool to improve their living conditions, however though they were ignorant about the principle behind it.One of the oldest examples of crossbreeding for the benefit of humans is Mule. Mule is an offspring of male donkey and a female horse. People started using mule for transportation, carrying loads and for farming when there were no tractors and trucks. Mule is easier to obtain than Hinny (offspring of a male horse and a female donkey). Mule and Hinny both have a chromosome number 63 unlike horse (64) and donkey (62).Classical BiotechnologyThe second anatomy for the evolution and development of biotechnology can be called as Classical Biotechnology. This phase did exist from 1800 to almost mid of 20th century. During this period various observation started pouring in with scientific evidences, they were all very steadying towards solving the p uzzle/s of biotechnology. Each and every contribution from different individuals helped to solve the puzzle and pave the path for new discoveries.The basics for the send of ancestral information are core to biotechnology. This was for the first time decode in plant i.e., Pisum sativum, commonly known as a Pea plant. These observations were deciphered by Gregor John Mendel (1822-1884), an Augustinian Monk. Mendel for the time presented laws of inheritance to the indwelling Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information bank bill for observable traits, and that these factors-later called as genes are passed from one generation to the adjoining. But the distressing part of the story is that Mendel failed to get the due recognition for his discovery for almost 34 year later than his death, when other scientist like Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns validated Mendels in 1900. The reason why Mendels work remained un noticed for such a long period of time was, at the same time the Charles Darwins Theory of organic evolution was so talked about that it shadowed the significance of work done by Mendel.Almost the same time Robert Brown had sight the nucleus of cells, season in 1868 Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist reported nuclein, a coalesce that consist of nucleic acid that he extracted from pus cells i.e., White Blood Cells. These two discoveries became the basis of modern molecular biology for the discovery of DNA as genetic material and role of DNA in transfer of genetic information. 1n 1881, Robert Koch, a German physician described the bacteriuml colonies growing on potato slices (First ever solid medium). Walter Hesse, one of the co- workers in Kochs laboratory discovered agar when he asked her wife what kept the jelly solid even in high temperature of summer. Since then nutrient agar became the most satisfying and useful medium to obtain pure microbial culture as well as for thei r identification. In 1888, Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried Von Waldeyer-Hartz, a German scientist coined the term Chromosome, which is considered as an organized structure of DNA and protein present in cells or a single piece of coiled DNA containing some genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Other discoveries during this period were vaccination against small pox and foolishness developed by Edward Jenner a British Physician and Louis Pasteur a french Biologist.By this time the development and growth of biological sciences seemed to be make to the exponential phase. Principle of genetics in inheritance were redefined by T H Morgan who has shown inheritance and role of chromosome in inheritance using output flies i.e., Drosophila Melanogaster. This landmark work of T H Morgan was named as The theory of the Gene in 1926. Before the publication of Morgans work, in 1909 the term Gene had already been coined by Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1927), who described gene as im mune carrier of heredity. Johannsen coined terms genotype and phenotype. Genotype was meant to describe the genetic constitution of an organism, piece of music Phenotype was meant to describe actual organism. By this time genetics started gaining it importance, which lead to start of Eugenic Movement in USA in 1924. As a result this in 1924 U.S. Immigration Act was used to restrict the influx of poorly educated immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe on the thou of their suspected genetic inferiority.Almost the same time in Britain, black lovage Fleming a physician discovered antibiotics, when he observed that one microorganism can be used to kill other microorganism, a unbent representation divide and rule policy of humans. Fleming noted that all bacteria (staphylococci) died when a mold was growing in petri-dish. Later he found out penicillin the antibacterial toxin from the mold Penicillium notatum could be used against many infectious diseases. Fleming wrote, When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didnt plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the worlds first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. As a librate of fact vaccine and antibiotics turned out to be the best rescuer of humanity. Can we attribute to these two discoveries for ever increasing population as well ever ageing population of the world?Modern BiotechnologyThe Second World War became a major impediment in scientific discoveries. After the end of Second World War some very crucial discoveries were reported which paved the path for the modern biotechnology and its current status. In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries virtually DNA as a genetic material by magnanimous a structural model of DNA popularly known as Double Helix Model of DNA, this model was able to explain various phenomenon related to DNA replication and its role in inheritance. Later, Jacob and Monad has disposed(p) the concept of Operon in 1961, whil e Kohler and Milestein in 1975 came up with the concept of cytoplasmic hybridization and produced first ever monoclonal antibodies.By this time it seemed like worlds scientific community had almost all the basic tools available to them for their applications along with majority of basic concepts have been elucidated, which has fast forwarded the path for important scientific discoveries. Dr. Hargobind Khorana was able to synthesize the DNA in test tube, while Karl Mullis added esteem to Khoranas discovery by amplifying DNA in a test-tube thousands time more(prenominal) than the original amount of DNA. Using this technological advancement other scientists were able to insert a foreign DNA into another host and were even able to monitor the transfer of foreign DNA in to next generation. The advent of HIV/AIDS as a deadly disease has helped to improve tremendously various tools employed by life-scientist for discoveries and applications in various aspects of day-to-day life. In the mean time Ian Wilmut an Irish scientist was successful to clone an adult animal using sheep as model and he named the cloned sheep as Dolly. Craig Venter in 2000 was able to sequence Human Genome the first in public available genome is from JD Watson and Craig Venter, itself. These discoveries have unlimited implications and applications. In 2010, Craig Venter was successful to butt against that synthetic genome can replicate autonomously, should that be considered as a new possibility for creating a life in test-tube, which can be be after and designed by a human using pen, pencil, computer and bioinformatics as a tool.Biotechnology has brought humanity to this levels of comfort, the next question is where it will it take us? Biotechnology has both beneficial and destructive potential. It is WE who have to patch up that how to use this technology, so it should be there to help humanity alternatively than destroying it.Legend to FigureSome of the important biotechnology discov eries have been plan in this graph, with a possibility for its unlimited growth in future.